Deep-Sea Natural Products from Extreme Environments: Cold Seeps and Hydrothermal Vents

Abstract

The deep sea has been proven to be a great treasure for structurally unique and biologically active natural products in the last two decades. Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, as typical representatives of deep-sea extreme environments, have attracted more and more attention. This review mainly summarizes the natural products of marine animals, marine fungi, and marine bacteria derived from deep-sea cold seeps and hydrothermal vents as well as their biological activities. In general, there were 182 compounds reported, citing 132 references and covering the literature from the first report in 1984 up to March 2022. The sources of the compounds are represented by the genera Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Streptomyces sp., and so on. It is worth mentioning that 90 of the 182 compounds are new and that almost 60% of the reported structures exhibited diverse bioactivities, which became attractive targets for relevant organic synthetic and biosynthetic studies.

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Heavy Metal and Its Biochemical Effect in Fishes

“…In recent years, the poor wastewater treatment and practices are resulting in the contamination of water resources with heavy metals, pesticides, and inorganic fertilizers in the agricultural sector, atmospheric deposition, and geomorphological weathering of the earth's crust [ 5 , 6 ], and depleting aquatic and ecosystem. As part of our diet, it is not surprising that contaminated fish can be a very dangerous source of some toxic heavy metals in the diet [ 7 , 8 ]. Heavy metals have acquired the soft and hard tissues of the fish via the process of bioaccumulation.…”

Heronamides with unreported skeletons from deep-sea Streptomyces: discovery and biosynthesis

“…OUCT16-38 was isolated from a sediment collected from the Indian Ocean at a depth of 4495 m. This strain showed considerable growth inhibition against a panel of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens (Table S1 †). In this study, five new (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) and four known (6-9) heronamide-type polyketide macrolactams were isolated from this strain (Fig. 1).…”

“…Due to the unique characteristics of deep sea environments (e.g., high salt and pressure, and low oxygen and temperature), these niches host a broad spectrum of microorganisms with unique metabolic pathways to produce structurally distinctive and biologically active natural products. [1][2][3][4] Since the first discovery of a unique macrocyclic ether from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent archaebacterium Methanococcus jannaschii in 1984, 5 a large number of natural products with great potential for new drug development have been obtained from deep-sea microorganisms. [6][7][8][9] According to incomplete statistics by Li and co-workers, 10 more than 50% of newly discovered marine microbial bioactive compounds were produced by actinomycetes.…”

Natural Products from Chilean and Antarctic Marine Fungi and Their Biomedical Relevance

“…In cold marine ecosystems, the presence of fungi has been associated with macroalgae and invertebrates, although some species have also been recorded in seawater and sediments [ 32 , 33 ]. Five new asterric acid derivatives were identified and isolated from the fermentation of the Antarctic ascomycete Geomyces sp.…”