“…Another popular safety criterion, which was first proposed by Fujii and Tanaka (1971) is the use of ship domain – a physical spacing around the ship to ensure sufficient separation between ships. Ship domain has been adopted in collision-risk assessments (Fujii and Tanaka, 1971; Goodwin, 1975; Pietrzykowski, 2008; Pietrzykowski and Uriasz, 2009), collision-avoidance pre-emption (Dove et al, 1986; Zhao et al, 1994), traffic simulation (Davis et al, 1980; Coldwell, 1983; Hansen et al, 2013), as well as navigational path planning (Smierzchalski and Michalewicz, 2000; Szlapczynski, 2011).…”