This paper optimises two-ship collision-avoidance manoeuvres accounting for both collision risk and fuel use. A collision-avoidance manoeuvring optimisation model is developed to minimise fuel consumption while assuring ships' operational safety. The model can optimally determine when to begin collision-avoidance actions, how to change courses, and what rudder angles are needed. A quantitative scenario simulation is developed to illustrate the model application. The methodology can be further developed to guide practical ship collision-avoidance manoeuvring decisions made under more operational scenarios. In particular, this research can contribute to the development of computer-aided collision-avoidance operations to improve the safety and energy efficiency of maritime transportation.
Rail defects are a significant safety concern for the world’s railway systems. Broken rails may lead to the catastrophic derailment of vehicles and have severe consequences including death, injury and economic losses. Precise estimation of the impact of descriptive factors on the occurrence of rail fatigue defects is of great significance for the development of rail defect statistical prediction models. Meanwhile, improvement of prediction models will assist railroads in allocating inspection maintenance resources efficiently. Thus, this paper focuses on reviewing principal risk factors affecting the occurrence of rail defects. A better understanding of the influence of rail defect explanatory factors could aid in model improvement. Previous data collection and analysis in rail defects are highlighted in this review in order to improve the understanding of the impact of potential risk factors. The overview of rail defects aims to aid researchers in improving their understanding of what factors affect the occurrence of rail fatigue defects and how to analyze these factors during the processing of statistical models.
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