Data Transmission Efficiency in Bluetooth Low Energy Versions

Bulić, Patricio; Kojek, Gašper; Biasizzo, Anton

doi:10.3390/s19173746

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Most of the wearables available today deploy short-range wireless communication technologies such as BLE [148], Zigbee [149], Wi-Fi [150] despite others. However, the choice of communication technology highly depends on the nature of the application, e.g., if the targeted application requires a high data rate, then Wi-Fi is an optimal choice.…”

Section: E Low-power Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Energy Efficiency in the Internet of Wearable Things: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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Personal mobile devices such as smartwatches, smart jewelry, and smart clothes have launched a new trend in the Internet of Things (IoT) era, namely the Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT). These wearables are small IoT devices capable of sensing, storing, processing, and exchanging data to assist users by improving their everyday life tasks through various applications. However, the IoWT has also brought new challenges for the research community to address such as increasing demand for enhanced computational power, better communication capabilities, improved security and privacy features, reduced form factor, minimal weight, and better comfort. Most wearables are battery-powered devices that need to be recharged-therefore, the limited battery life remains the bottleneck leading to the need to enhance the energy efficiency of wearables, thus, becoming an active research area. This paper presents a survey of energy-efficient solutions proposed for diverse IoWT applications by following the systematic literature review method. The available techniques published from 2010 to 2020 are scrutinized, and the taxonomy of the available solutions is presented based on the targeted application area. Moreover, a comprehensive qualitative analysis compares the proposed studies in each application area in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, and main contributions. Furthermore, a list of the most significant performance parameters is provided. A more in-depth discussion of the main techniques to enhance wearables' energy efficiency is presented by highlighting the trade-offs involved. Finally, some potential future research directions are highlighted.

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Section: E Low-power Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Energy Efficiency in the Internet of Wearable Things: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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“…Therefore, this technology is perfect for indoor use cases like smart speakers, home entertainment, firmware updates, etc. The authors of [10,11] perform measurement studies with BLE involving the achieved data rates and power consumption in different commercial BLE devices with different BLE versions and varying configuration parameters to provide an outline for designing an optimal IoT application.…”

Section: Blementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors of [16] describe with a real-life experimental validation the advantages of using connectionless BLE communication with the advertising mode thereby supporting more than 200 devices in the same region with a decent reliability and data rate for IoT applications. The authors of [11] study the differences in performance regarding throughput and energy consumption for different BLE versions and for varying configuration parameters. They show how the newer generations of BLE achieve better energy efficiency, data rates and coverage by means of real-life experiments.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An End-To-End LwM2M-Based Communication Architecture for Multimodal NB-IoT/BLE Devices

Basu

Haxhibeqiri

Baert

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The wireless Internet of Things (IoT) landscape is quite diverse. For instance, Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies offer low data rate communication over long distance, whereas Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technologies can reach higher data rates, but with a reduced range. For simple IoT applications, communication requirements can be fulfilled by a single technology. However, the requirements of more demanding IoT use cases can vary over time and with the type of data being exchanged. This is pushing the design towards multimodal approaches, where different wireless IoT technologies are combined and the most appropriate one is used as per the need. This paper considers the combination of Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as communication options for an IoT device that is running a Lightweight Machine to Machine/Constrained Application Protocol (LwM2M/CoAP) protocol stack. It analyses the challenges incurred by different protocol stack options, such as different transfer modes (IP versus non-IP), the use of Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) techniques, and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) security modes, and discusses the impact of handover between both communication technologies. A suitable end-to-end architecture for the targeted multimodal communication is presented. Using a prototype implementation of this architecture, an in-depth assessment of handover and its resulting latency is performed.Keywords: multi-modal architecture; handover; narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT); bluetooth low energy (BLE); light-weight machine to machine (LwM2M)

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“…Currently, monitoring physiological parameters in wards can be done with existing wearable devices, like wristbands or smartwatches, that collect heart beat frequency and variability, blood pressure, oxygen saturation level, and body and room temperatures. However, current devices rely on short-range communication protocols, typically Bluetooth, requiring a gateway (GW) for sustained Internet connection [12][13][14][15][16]. GWs can be implemented using smartphones given their usability and enhanced connectivity, but this comes at a price.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open IoT Architecture for Continuous Patient Monitoring in Emergency Wards

et al. 2019

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Due to multiple reasons, emergency wards can become overloaded with patients, some of which can be in critical health conditions. To improve the emergency service and avoid deaths and serious adverse events that could be potentially prevented, it is mandatory to do a continuous monitoring of patients physiological parameters. This is a good fit for Internet of Things (IoT) technology, but the scenario imposes hard constraints on autonomy, connectivity, interoperability, and delay. In this paper, we propose a full Internet-based architecture using open protocols from the wearable sensors up to the monitoring system. Particularly, we use low-cost and low-power WiFi-enabled wearable physiological sensors that connect directly to the Internet infrastructure and run open communication protocols, namely, oneM2M. At the upper end, our architecture relies on openEHR for data semantics, storage, and monitoring. Overall, we show the feasibility of our open IoT architecture exhibiting 20–50 ms end-to-end latency and 30–50 h sensor autonomy at a fraction of the cost of current non-interoperable vertical solutions.

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Data Transmission Efficiency in Bluetooth Low Energy Versions

Cited by 42 publications

References 27 publications

Towards Energy Efficiency in the Internet of Wearable Things: A Systematic Review

Towards Energy Efficiency in the Internet of Wearable Things: A Systematic Review

An End-To-End LwM2M-Based Communication Architecture for Multimodal NB-IoT/BLE Devices

Open IoT Architecture for Continuous Patient Monitoring in Emergency Wards

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