Towards Energy Efficiency in the Internet of Wearable Things: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Personal mobile devices such as smartwatches, smart jewelry, and smart clothes have launched a new trend in the Internet of Things (IoT) era, namely the Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT). These wearables are small IoT devices capable of sensing, storing, processing, and exchanging data to assist users by improving their everyday life tasks through various applications. However, the IoWT has also brought new challenges for the research community to address such as increasing demand for enhanced computational power, better communication capabilities, improved security and privacy features, reduced form factor, minimal weight, and better comfort. Most wearables are battery-powered devices that need to be recharged-therefore, the limited battery life remains the bottleneck leading to the need to enhance the energy efficiency of wearables, thus, becoming an active research area. This paper presents a survey of energy-efficient solutions proposed for diverse IoWT applications by following the systematic literature review method. The available techniques published from 2010 to 2020 are scrutinized, and the taxonomy of the available solutions is presented based on the targeted application area. Moreover, a comprehensive qualitative analysis compares the proposed studies in each application area in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, and main contributions. Furthermore, a list of the most significant performance parameters is provided. A more in-depth discussion of the main techniques to enhance wearables' energy efficiency is presented by highlighting the trade-offs involved. Finally, some potential future research directions are highlighted.

A Comprehensive and Reproducible Comparison of Cryptographic Primitives Execution on Android Devices

“…Cryptographic primitives are well-established low-level cryptographic constructs [14]. The Android OS supports various categories of cryptographic primitives recommended by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) through its Keystore, 3…”

“…These are computing devices that can function independently and are small enough to be held in the hand [2]. Mobile devices typically connect to the Internet or communicate with other devices in close proximity, forming personal clouds within the new Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) paradigm [3].…”

Wearables for Industrial Work Safety: A Survey

“…With the advent of Industry 4.0 and broad integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), employers are expected to achieve better safety mainly due to the emergence of various technologies [ 5 ]. This paper is primarily focusing on the smallest form-factor personal devices, namely, wearables, that also attempt to achieve the same goal as part of the Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) paradigm [ 6 ]. Further discussion will focus on the Industrial IoT (IIoT) that emerged to design, maintain, monitor, optimize, and analyze industrial operations to gain real-time insights, make effective decisions and maintain occupational safety [ 7 , 8 ].…”

LPWAN and Embedded Machine Learning as Enablers for the Next Generation of Wearable Devices

“…The main reason for adopting this strategy is the stringent constraints of these tiny elements, in terms of hardware resources (processing power, memory, storage, etc.) and energy consumption, as they are normally powered by small batteries [ 3 ].…”