“…41 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) fibers possess attractive properties, such as, high specific strength and modulus, low density, high elongation and energy absorption characteristics. Hu et al 42 developed composites using hybrid woven fabrics composed of continuous carbon fibers and UHMWPE fibers. UHMWPE fibers were incorporated within the woven fabric to improve the impact damage of the composites.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…35 Although HPPE fibers have been used as reinforcements in composites, 43 they exhibit poor compressive strength. 44 Since energy absorption of UHMWPE fibers is higher than that of carbon fibers, 42 they can be used to toughen the carbon fiber composites. To the best of our knowledge, HPPE needle punched nonwovens have not been reported in literature to be used as interleaves in toughening the carbon/epoxy laminates.…”
In this study, high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) fiber-based needle punched nonwovens were interleaved in cross-plied woven carbon fabric/epoxy composite laminates to enhance their interlaminar and impact properties. The placement of needle punched nonwoven interleaves exhibited considerable enhancement in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), impact damage tolerance, and compression after impact (CAI) strength of laminates as evidenced by higher interlaminar strength, less absorbed energy, higher elastic energy, reduced damage degree, reduced out-of-plane deformation, higher loadbearing capacity, and higher residual compressive strength as compared to control sample. In particular, the composite laminate with placement of interleaves in alternating sequence between carbon plies resulted in 205.76% increase in ILSS and 129, 103 and 85% increase in CAI at 10, 25, and 40 J impact energy, respectively. Moreover, damaged surface area and out-of-plane deformation reduced to 38.75% and 62.5%, respectively for the same specimen impacted at 40 J energy. These results suggest that the HPPE fiber-based needle punched nonwoven interleaving can be adopted as a simple and low-cost approach compared with other interleaving techniques, to enhance the resistance to delamination, impact performance, and damage tolerance of traditional structural laminates.
“…41 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) or high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) fibers possess attractive properties, such as, high specific strength and modulus, low density, high elongation and energy absorption characteristics. Hu et al 42 developed composites using hybrid woven fabrics composed of continuous carbon fibers and UHMWPE fibers. UHMWPE fibers were incorporated within the woven fabric to improve the impact damage of the composites.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…35 Although HPPE fibers have been used as reinforcements in composites, 43 they exhibit poor compressive strength. 44 Since energy absorption of UHMWPE fibers is higher than that of carbon fibers, 42 they can be used to toughen the carbon fiber composites. To the best of our knowledge, HPPE needle punched nonwovens have not been reported in literature to be used as interleaves in toughening the carbon/epoxy laminates.…”
In this study, high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) fiber-based needle punched nonwovens were interleaved in cross-plied woven carbon fabric/epoxy composite laminates to enhance their interlaminar and impact properties. The placement of needle punched nonwoven interleaves exhibited considerable enhancement in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), impact damage tolerance, and compression after impact (CAI) strength of laminates as evidenced by higher interlaminar strength, less absorbed energy, higher elastic energy, reduced damage degree, reduced out-of-plane deformation, higher loadbearing capacity, and higher residual compressive strength as compared to control sample. In particular, the composite laminate with placement of interleaves in alternating sequence between carbon plies resulted in 205.76% increase in ILSS and 129, 103 and 85% increase in CAI at 10, 25, and 40 J impact energy, respectively. Moreover, damaged surface area and out-of-plane deformation reduced to 38.75% and 62.5%, respectively for the same specimen impacted at 40 J energy. These results suggest that the HPPE fiber-based needle punched nonwoven interleaving can be adopted as a simple and low-cost approach compared with other interleaving techniques, to enhance the resistance to delamination, impact performance, and damage tolerance of traditional structural laminates.
“…Zhang et al [17] explored the deformational behaviours of UHMWPE at strain rates of 0.001-3300 s −1 and established a constitutive model for UHMWPE in the dynamic plastic stage. By studying the effect of hybrid braided UHMWPE fibres on the impact properties and residual bending stiffness of CFRPs through falling weight impact tests, four-point bending tests, and finite element analysis, Hu et al [18] explained the mechanism for restricting damage propagation in impact tests and improved the damage tolerance and integrity of the structure. However, the elastic-plastic constitutive model considering both strain rate effect and temperature effect was not studied in Ref.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the elastic-plastic constitutive model considering both strain rate effect and temperature effect was not studied in Ref. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. On this basis, the research considering the strain rate effect and temperature effect was carried out in the present paper.…”
The temperature and strain rate significantly affect the ballistic performance of UHMWPE, but the deformation of UHMWPE under thermo-mechanical coupling has been rarely studied. To investigate the influences of the temperature and the strain rate on the mechanical properties of UHMWPE, a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus was used to conduct uniaxial compression experiments on UHMWPE. The stress–strain curves of UHMWPE were obtained at temperatures of 20–100 °C and strain rates of 1300–4300 s−1. Based on the experimental results, the UHMWPE belongs to viscoelastic–plastic material, and a hardening effect occurs once UHMWPE enters the plastic zone. By comparing the stress–strain curves at different temperatures and strain rates, it was found that UHMWPE exhibits strain rate strengthening and temperature softening effects. By modifying the Sherwood–Frost model, a constitutive model was established to describe the dynamic mechanical properties of UHMWPE at different temperatures. The results calculated using the constitutive model were in good agreement with the experimental data. This study provides a reference for the design of UHMWPE as a ballistic-resistant material.
“…In this framework, carbon-based (nano)materials have been widely applied in the fields of environmental science [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], food industry [ 7 ], new transportation solutions [ 8 ], medicine [ 9 ] and health applications [ 10 , 11 ], energy [ 12 , 13 ], construction [ 14 ], electronics, sports, and so on. In addition, they have gained considerable ground in high-performance applications, such as the aerospace [ 8 , 15 ], marine [ 16 ], military [ 17 ], and automobile industries [ 18 ]. Especially, the last decade has seen a very significant increase in the use of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) [ 19 ], as shown in Figure 1 .…”
Life cycle assessment is a methodology to assess environmental impacts associated with a product or system/process by accounting resource requirements and emissions over its life cycle. The life cycle consists of four stages: material production, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. This study highlights the need to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the new product development process, as a means to assess and evaluate the environmental impacts of (nano)enhanced carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prototypes over their entire life cycle. These prototypes, namely SleekFast sailing boat and handbrake lever, were manufactured by functionalized carbon fibre fabric and modified epoxy resin with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The environmental impacts of both have been assessed via LCA with a functional unit of ‘1 product piece’. Climate change has been selected as the key impact indicator for hotspot identification (kg CO2 eq). Significant focus has been given to the end-of-life phase by assessing different recycling scenarios. In addition, the respective life cycle inventories (LCIs) are provided, enabling the identification of resource hot spots and quantifying the environmental benefits of end-of-life options.
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