Daily nutritional intake and serum lipid levels. The Tecumseh study

Abstract

To determine the influence of diet on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels among adults, 24-hr dietary recall interviews were conducted among 957 men and 1,082 women resident in the community of Tecumseh, Michigan. Trained interviewers obtained detailed description of all foods consumed during 24 hr before venipuncture for lipid determination. Using a list of nutritional composition of 2,706 foods prepared from standard references, nutritionists determined quantities of all nutrients common to the American diet which were consumed by each participant according to a 24-hr diet record. For analysis, men and women were grouped into lower middle, and upper tertiles according to serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The mean daily consumption of each dietary component was virtually identical in all tertiles for men and women but differed between sexes. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unrelated to quality, quantity, or proportions of fat, carbohydrate, or protein consumed in the 24-hr recall period.

Dietary Fat and Plasma Lipids

“…Thus, comparisons have been made between Japanese living in urban and rural areas (Ueshima et al 1982) or Polynesians consuming different levels of dietary saturated fatty acids (Prior et al 1981). In the USA, the correlation coefficient between P : S and plasma lipid concentration was small (Shekelle et al 1981) and the Tecumseh study could not demonstrate a significant relationship between fat, cholesterol or other macronutrients in the diet and plasma lipids (Nichols et al 1976). There are a number of reasons why this might be so.…”

Effects of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins.

“…The relationships between dietary cholesterol, the relative proportions of dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P/S)' and plasma cholesterol levels have been extensively examined in cross-sectional population surveys (1)(2)(3)(4), in outpatients who have been instructed in various experimental diets (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), and in metabolic ward studies (17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Cross-sectional surveys demonstrate poor correlations between reported dietary intakes and blood lipids but diets with high P/ S consistently lower cholesterol levels in outpatient and inpatient studies (13)(14)(15)(16).…”

“…diet for 2-3 wk (ad lib.2). 11 individuals (subjects 1-6, 10-14, Table I) ate diets with a P/S of 0.25 or 0.4 plus 3 eggs; nine (subjects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] ate diets with a P/S of 0.25 plus 6 eggs. Six of these men (subjects [1][2][3][4][5][6] ate the diet with P/ S = 0.25 plus first 3 and then 6 eggs.…”

“…11 individuals (subjects 1-6, 10-14, Table I) ate diets with a P/S of 0.25 or 0.4 plus 3 eggs; nine (subjects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] ate diets with a P/S of 0.25 plus 6 eggs. Six of these men (subjects [1][2][3][4][5][6] ate the diet with P/ S = 0.25 plus first 3 and then 6 eggs. Six men (subjects [10][11][12][13][14][15] ate the diet with P/S = 0.8 plus 3 and 6 eggs, five of these men (subjects [10][11][12][13][14] also ate the diet with P/S = 0.4 plus 3 eggs, and are included with the P/S = 0.…”

Outcome of the Public consultation on the Draft Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol

“…[18][19][20] In accordance, many crosssectional studies of the dietary habits within a population have found no association between cholesterol and the intake of saturated fat. [21][22][23][24][25][26] In the abovementioned low-carbohydrate trials (table 1) a high intake of saturated fat had no adverse effects on other lipids either. On the contrary HDL-cholesterol remained unchanged or went up and triglycerides went down significantly (table 1),8-17 whereas a reduction of the intake had the opposite effects.27-29…”