Effects of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins.

Abstract

A B S T R A C T The effects of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids on low density and high density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) were studied in 20 young men. After 2-3 wk of evaluations on ad lib. diets, basal diets, which consisted of 15% protein, 45% carbohydrates, 40% fat, and 300 mg/day of cholesterol, were given for 4-5 wk (Basal,). The ratio of dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P/S) for different groups of subjects were 0.25, 0.4, 0.8, or 2.5. 750 and 1,500 mg/d of cholesterol were added to the basal diets as 3 and 6 eggs, respectively. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were lower in all subjects on the basal diets than on the ad lib. diets. Addition of 750 mg cholesterol to the diet with P/S = 0.25-0.4 raised LDL cholesterol by 16±14 mg/dl to 115% of basal diet values (n = 11, P < 0.01); 1,500 mg increased LDL cholesterol by 25±19 mg/dl to 125% (n = 9, P < 0.01). On the diet with P/S = 0.8, 750 mg produced insignificant increases in LDL cholesterol, but 1,500 mg produced increases of 17±22 mg/dl to 115% of basal (n = 6, P < 0.02). On the P/S = 2.5 diet, neither 750 nor 1,500 mg produced significant changes. Thus, both the cholesterol contents and P/S ratios of diets were important in determining LDL levels. The lipid and apoprotein compositions, flotation rates, molecular weights, and binding by cellular receptors of LDL were virtually unchanged by the addition of cholesterol to the diets high in saturated fat. These diets, therefore, caused an increase in the number of LDL particles of virtually unchanged physical and biological properties. On the

Review Paleolithic nutrition revisited: A twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications

“…This similarity of serum cholesterol values may indicate existence of a natural primate pattern and thus counter contentions that low' serum cholesterol levels are irrelevant or even harmful to human health (Moore, 1989;Jacobs et al, 1992;Kritchevsky & Kritchevsky, 1992;Dalen & Dalton, 1996). Furthermore, the`low' serum cholesterol of hunter-gatherers, despite their high intake, adds credence to observations that the effect of dietary cholesterol on serum levels is mitigated as the ratio between polyunsaturated and saturated fat (P:S) rises (Schonfeld et al, 1982). P:S for huntergatherers is 1.4, for Americans it is 0.4.…”

Mice Expressing the Human CYP7A1 Gene in the Mouse CYP7A1 Knock-out Background Lack Induction of CYP7A1 Expression by Cholesterol Feeding and Have Increased Hypercholesterolemia When Fed a High Fat Diet

“…The response of serum cholesterol to cholesterol feeding is highly variable and relatively small compared with the response to the total fat and saturated fat content of the diet (39). In one careful study (40), cholesterol feeding had an effect on serum cholesterol when fed with saturated fat but not with unsaturated fat. When mice were fed a diet high in saturated fat (20%) and cholesterol (1.5%), the level of CYP7A1 fell significantly in the control mice.…”

Effects of palm oil and dietary cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins: results from a dietary crossover trial in free-living subjects

“…Nevertheless, these studies have been questioned (Reiser, 1973;Anonymous, 1987Anonymous, , 1990) because they were too short, had small sample size (Laine et al, 1982;Mattson & Grundy, 1985;Ng et al, 1991;Denke & Grundy, 1992), and the diets used had an unusually high fat content (Keys et al, 1965b;Laine et al, 1982;Mattson & Grundy, 1985;Denke & Grundy, 1992) and cholesterol (Laine et al, 1982;Mattson & Grundy, 1985;Ng et al, 1991;Denke & Grundy, 1992). Also, there is evidence that the hypercholesterolemic effect of SFAs depends on the amount of fat and cholesterol in the diet (Laine et al, 1982;Wolf & Grundy, 1983;Baudet et al, 1984;Schonfeld et al, 1982). Some studies have shown that the effect of the degree of saturation of dietary fats is increased in high cholesterol diets (National Diet -Heart Study Research Group, 1968;Durrington et al, 1977;Laine et al, 1982;Wolf & Grundy, 1983), while it is not important in low-cholesterol (100 mg=day) diets (Wolf & Grundy, 1983).…”