D-galactose induced dysfunction in mice hippocampus and the possible antioxidant and neuromodulatory effects of selenium

Abstract

Aging is an ultimate reality that everyone has to face. D-galactose (D-gal) has been used extensively to develop aging model. Trace elements such as selenium (Sel) have been used as a potential antioxidant for neuro-protection. The present work aims to develop therapeutic agents such as Sel for the treatment of aging-induced neurological ailments such as anxiety, depression, and memory impairment. For this purpose, mice were treated with D-gal at a dose of 300 mg/ml/kg and various doses of Sel (0.175 and 0.35mg/ml/kg) for 28 days. Behavioural tests were monitored after treatment days. After the behavioural assessment mice were decapitated and their brains were collected. Hippocampi were removed from the brain for biochemical and neurochemical analysis. The present ndings of behavioural analysis showed that D-gal induced anxiety and depression-like symptoms were inhibited by both doses of Sel. D-gal induced memory alteration was also prevented by repeated doses (0.175 and 0.35mg/ml/kg) of Sel.Biochemical analysis showed that D-gal induced increase of oxidative stress marker and decrease of antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus was prevented by Sel administration. An increase in the activity of acetylcholinesterase was also diminished by Sel. The neurochemical assessment showed that D-gal induced increased serotonin metabolism and decreased acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus were restored by repeated treatment of Sel. It is concluded that D-gal induced dysfunction in mice hippocampus caused anxiety, depression, memory impairment, oxidative stress that were mitigated by Sel via its antioxidant potential and modulating capability of serotonergic and cholinergic functions.

Effect of Yisui Multipurpose Soup’s Amelioration on D-Galactose-Induced Neuronal Cells

“…The mechanism of the galactose-induced cognitive impairment model is that excessive D-galactose-induced metabolites accumulate in cells, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress damage to the organism, which simulates the aging process of animals, causing the cognitive function of the organism to decline [ 23 , 24 ]. The hippocampus is one of the most closely associated regions with learning and memory.…”

Mitigation of behavioral deficits and cognitive impairment by antioxidant and neuromodulatory potential of Mukia madrespatana in D-galactose treated rats

“…Twenty-four rats were divided into following sets with n = 06 as previous studies reported ( Samad et al, 2022a , Samad et al, 2022b , Samad et al, 2022c , Samad et al, 2021 ); (i) water + water (ii) water + M.M. (iii) water + D-Gal (iv) D-Gal + M.M.…”

“…Aging progression is associated with many neurological problems i.e. anxiety, depression ( Samad et al, 2022a , Samad et al, 2022b , Samad et al, 2022c , Samad et al, 2021 ), cognitive impairment ( Samad et al, 2020 ; 2019) etc. D-galactose (D-Gal) model is one of the progressive aging models, having lesser side effects and mortality rate ( St-Pierre et al, 2006 ).…”

“…In addition, intoxication of D-gal can cause alteration at central and peripheral levels ( Samad et al, 2019 ). Administration of D-Gal causes depression ( Samad et al, 2019 , Liaquat et al, 2019 ), anxiety ( Samad et al, 2022a , Samad et al, 2022b , Samad et al, 2022c , Hakimizadeh et al, 2021 ) and impaired cognition ( Ali et al, 2021 , Yang et al, 2016 ). Previously it was observed that increased ROS contents can cause neuro-inflammation and dysregulation of apoptosis and various neural proteins such as brain derived neuro-trophic factor, which associated with memory alterations ( Gao et al, 2022 ).…”

“…It is highlighted in a study that D-Gal declined the number of neurons in brain and impaired the process of learning and memory ( Prajit et al, 2020 ). D-Gal induced alterations in brain at molecular and cellular levels were observed in experimental models which linked with natural progression of aging ( Samad et al, 2022a , Samad et al, 2022b , Samad et al, 2022c ).…”