Cytokines, Proliferation Markers, Antimicrobial Factors and Neuropeptide-Containing Innervation in Human Nasal Mucosa after Rhinoseptoplasty Procedure

Abstract

The nasal cavity lined by nasal mucosa, is a significant part of respiratory system of human. However, there are no studies aimed to detect a molecular phenotype of healthy and normal functioning nasal mucosa, obtained after rhinoseptoplasty procedure, to understand its physiology and growth and inflammation processes. Thus, our aim is to identify human healthy nasal mucosa cytokines, neuropeptide-containing innervation and cell proliferation markers to form a control group for further tissue investigation of human nasal polyposis as the next step of our research. The study included surgery materials from 17 healthy humans. Biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry was performed for detection of tissue PGP9.5, Ki-67, β-Defensin 2, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12. Results were evaluated semi-quantitatively and by Friedman ANOVA and Spearman rang correlation tests. All factors were more widely expressed by superficial epithelium than by glandular one. Abundance of ILs-8, -10 and -12 positive cells was detected in comparison with moderate to numerous distributions of IL-1, IL-6 and β-Defensin 2. Moderate number of PGP 9.5-containing nerve fibers and only few to moderate Ki-67 positive cells were found in healthy nasal mucosa. We revealed statistically significant difference between Ki-67 and ILs-4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -12 both in healthy nasal mucosa superficial and glandular epithelium. From nasal epithelia, commonly the surface one displays more cytokines and β-Defensin 2 in comparison to the glandular one. Numerous to abundant expression of ILs-4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -12 and β-Defensin 2 in nasal superficial and glandular epithelia proves probably these factors’ role into the common immune response of tissue and stimulation of immune cell differentiation.

Neuronal-Immune Cell Units in Allergic Inflammation in the Nose

“…The landscape of the nasal ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium is composed of prevalent and rare cell lineages, among which multiciliated epitheliocytes, goblet and basal cells are predominant. Mature mucociliated epithelial cells are crucial for innate and adaptive immunity due to their ability to (1) build barriers against any environmental foes; (2) implement the effective back mucociliary clearance directed from the nasopharynx outside the nose; (3) produce alarmins, IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), as a danger signal for group 2 innate lymphoid (ILC2) cells, allergen-presenting dendritic (APDC) cells, and type 2 helper T (Th2) cells; (4) secrete antimicrobial peptides such as β-defensins and cathelicidins [107]; (5) express Toll-like receptors (TLR) and other pattern recognition receptors required for the initiation of immune responses to microbial antigens; and (6) synthesize neurotransmitters and neuropeptides contained in the epithelium nerve endings, NEC, and epitheliocytes themselves [7,26]. In addition, apically disposed tight junctions between epitheliocytes control ion and metabolite transport, while the adherens junction along with desmosomes formed by cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins provide the epithelium integrity.…”