Cytokine profiles in parotid saliva from HIV‐1‐infected individuals: changes associated with opportunistic infections in the oral cavity

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to quantitate levels of cytokines in parotid saliva of subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and to determine if the cytokine profiles differ in subjects with an oral opportunistic infection, i.e., candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia. Parotid saliva samples were obtained from HIV-infected individuals with or without candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and from healthy controls and were assessed by ELISA for levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Saliva from HIV-infected subjects with oral candidiasis had significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma than that seen in HIV-infected individuals with no oral disease and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IL-5 and IFN-gamma than saliva of healthy controls. No significant difference was seen in cytokine levels in saliva from HIV-infected subjects with no oral infections and healthy controls. The HIV-infected subjects with oral hairy leukoplakia displayed significantly higher levels of both IL-1 alpha and IFN-gamma compared with the HIV and no oral disease group and a higher level of IFN-gamma than seen in saliva from the healthy control group. In comparing cytokine levels from both HIV and oral disease groups, significant differences were detected in levels of IL-5 and IL-10. These results indicate that the profile of salivary cytokines is altered as a result of the oral opportunistic infection candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and also by concurrent HIV infection.

Current trends of HIV disease of the mouth

“…Salivary concentrations of lactoferrin, secretory IgA and chloride may be increased while lysozyme, total protein and potassium are reduced (228). The composition of saliva seems to vary according to the presence of HIV‐related oral mucosal disease (229). Saliva of HIV‐infected individuals with oral candidosis has significantly higher levels of IFN‐ γ than that seen in HIV infected individuals without oral mucosal disease and to have significantly higher levels of IL‐2, IL‐5 and INF‐ γ than saliva of healthy controls.…”

“…Saliva of HIV‐infected individuals with oral candidosis has significantly higher levels of IFN‐ γ than that seen in HIV infected individuals without oral mucosal disease and to have significantly higher levels of IL‐2, IL‐5 and INF‐ γ than saliva of healthy controls. HIV‐infected individuals with OHL have significantly higher levels of both IL‐1 α and INF‐ γ compared with those without oral mucosal disease and higher levels of salivary INF‐ γ than healthy individuals (229). None of these changes have any diagnostic value for the investigation of HIV disease or any associated salivary gland disease.…”

Comparing serum levels of cardiac biomarkers in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and subjects with chronic periodontitis

“…Studies have also suggested a correlation between periodontitis and HIV [8,9]. In 1989 a study was carried out by Mattila and they found that dental health was strongly associated with myocardial infarction (MI) [10].…”

Levels of HIV‐1 in subgingival biofilm of HIV‐infected patients

“…Clinical studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between PHVL and some oral infectious diseases, such as periodontal diseases, hairy leukoplakia and candidiasis (Black et al. , Patton , Alpagot et al. , , Ramirez‐Amador et al.…”