Current trends of HIV disease of the mouth

Abstract

HIV infection affects residents of all countries of the world, but the greater majority of affected individuals reside in the developing world. In the past decade there have been substantial changes in the management of HIV disease, particularly the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Such agents have reduced significantly the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV disease, however, they are not available for most HIV-infected individuals in the developing world. There is now considerable understanding of the molecular epidemiology, transmission and therapy of the common opportunistic oral infections of HIV disease, and as a consequence of improved anti-HIV strategies, the frequency and severity of oral disease associated with HIV infection have reduced considerably, although HAART may predispose to human papilloma virus infection of the mouth and potentially increase the risk of later oral squamous cell carcinoma. Despite advances in clinical care the majority of individuals with HIV disease worldwide will continue to develop oral disease, as they are resident in the developing world and do not have ready access to even simple therapies.

Oral manifestations associated with HIV infection

“…SGD, particularly parotid gland enlargement, was reported early in the HIV epidemic, and its occurrence is significantly higher than in the general HIV-seronegative population. The incidence is anywhere from 1% to 10% among adults and between 1% and 20% in children [48]. It is more frequent among men.…”

Improved oral bioavailability and brain transport of Saquinavir upon administration in novel nanoemulsion formulations

“…With the adoption of HAART, the average survival of HIV/AIDS patients has increased from less than 1 year to over 10 years (Frezzini, Leao, andPorter, 2005, Holtgrave, 2005). Despite the success of HAART in the clinics, HIV/AIDS therapy is far from optimal.…”

Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on the frequency of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patient

“…The other oral side effects are mouth ulcer and oral warts. 24 In conclusion, oral candidal infection in HIV-infected patients have shown a decrease in the era of HAART. HAART decreases HIV viral load and lead to increases of CD4 lymphocytes count, causing an improvement of immunity.…”