25 October 1978 because of obvious changes due to pancreatic carcinoma (n = 12) beyond the reach of the brush device, technical difficulties (n = 11), or lack of cytological service or equipment to perform cytology (n = 5).Ductal abnormalities were demonstrated by ERCP in all patients (Fig. 1), and were strongly suggestive of malignancy in 58 cases and uncertain in 11 patients. Specimens for histological examination were obtained during surgery in 45 cases and at necropsy in 24 cases. In 12 patients the malignancy were found to be secondary (Fig. 2, Table 1). The ductal abnormality was demonstrated in the head of the pancreas in 45 cases, in the body in 15 cases, and in the tail in nine cases. Islet cell tumours were found in two out of 57 patients with primary pancreatic lesions; the others were adenocarcinoma.For ERBC a polyvinyl tube with side-viewing openings at the side were constructed as described in a previous paper (Osnes et al., 1975). A modification of this brush device (Fig. 3) with three instead of five side-viewing openings seems to be more suitable for retrograde brushing. For ERBC in patients with a narrow papillary opening a thinner brush, measuring 1-4 mm in diameter, has been constructed.