Current and former smokers among adolescents aged 12–17 years in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ehsani‐Chimeh, Elham; Sajadi, Haniye Sadat; Behzadifar, Meysam; Aghaei, Mohammad; Badrizadeh, Afsaneh; Behzadifar, Masoud; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8255-2

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In another study conducted in Iran, the prevalence of smoking among girls aged 12 to 17 years old was found to be 6%. (17). A study conducted in Central and Eastern Europe found that the prevalence of smoking among women was 64.7 %, which was fortunately very high when compared to the ndings of this study (18).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 41%

The Prevalence of Smoking and the Use of Different Types of Tobacco Products Among Adult Syrians

Labban

2021

Preprint

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Background: In recent years, smoking has been identified as a major cause of sickness and the most pressing public health issue. There is no confirmed number of smoking-related deaths around the world, and there is no safe level of tobacco smoking for both regular and occasional smokers or users of tobacco products. Smoking tobacco raises the risk of lung cancer, mouth cancer, heart disease, and blood clots. Tobacco usage also raises the likelihood of a woman having an abortion. A single study in Syria found the prevalence of smoking to be 56.9% among men and 17.0% among women. The study's goal was to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking and tobacco product usage among Syrians following the conflict, as well as the association between smoking and age, gender, social status, education, and economic status.Methods: 2847 individuals (aged between 18 - 80 years) have responded to the questionnaires which were distributed through many groups on Whatsapp. The response rate was 91%, 51 participants (1.3 %) individuals were excluded from the study because they were under 18 years of age which is the legal age to buy cigarettes in Syria. Therefore, 2796 participants enrolled in this study (61.7 % Males and 38.3 % Females). Questionnaire was distributed through Whatsapp groups. Regular smoker was defined as the person who smokes at least one cigarette per day or who uses any type of tobacco products once a day. Whereas occasional smoker can be defined as the person who smoked one cigarette at least once during the past week or used any other types of tobacco such as hookah, cigar, vape or pipe.Results: The overall prevalence of smoking among Syrians was 58.3 % and they were mostly regular smokers. More smoked ready imported cigarettes. The prevalence of smoking among men was higher compared with females (61.7 % males vs 38.3 % females). The prevalence of smoking among pregnant women was 33.4% which is still low comparing with other countries. Syrians smokes primarily at homes (41%) followed by public places such as restaurants and cafeterias. The highest %age of smokers was in the age groups 18-30 and 51-60 years old (26.4 %) (22.9 %) respectively whereas the lowest smoking %age was in the age groups over 70 years and 41-50 (5.5%). More smokers were in country-sides comparing with city residents (58.2 % vs 41.8). The prevalence of smoking in under-graduate students and individuals with no education was almost similar 24.1 % and 23.9 % respectively. More smokers were singles 39.1% followed by widowed 22.9 % and lowest were divorced18.7%. With reference to profession, the highest prevalence was among governmental workers 35.9 % followed by health workers 27.1 %, self – employed and engineers 22.5 % and 12.1% respectively. More smokers made less than 20,000 SP/month (31.2%) whereas only 4% of the smokers made over 200,000 SP /month. The majority of smokers smoked less than 5 years (44.2) whereas 8.9% and 9.1% smoked for 20-25 and more than 25 years. The majority of Syrian smokers started smoking at early age about 15-20 years old (66.3%) followed by age 20-30 years old (2,4%) and only 0.7 % started smoking after 60 years old. Unfortunately, only 3.1 % of the smokers were healthy. The rest have had respiratory diseases (32.5%), diabetes (24.1%), kidney diseases (10.8%) and liver diseases (9.3%). With regards to expenditure on smoking 28.8% spent more than 5000 SP daily on smoking, 23.7 % spent 3000-4000 SP/day and only 5.1% spent less than 1000 SP/day.Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among Syrians males and females is on the rise maybe due to the current conflict. Smoking start at early ages and other tobacco products such as water-pipe smoking is becoming the popular trend among young generation. Syrians smoke more imported cigarettes than locally produced ones despite their cheaper prices. Several diseases have been recorded among Syrian smokers which will be an economic burden on them and on their families. Education has limited effect on smoking practices as the highest prevalence was seen among under – graduate students.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 41%

The Prevalence of Smoking and the Use of Different Types of Tobacco Products Among Adult Syrians

Labban

2021

Preprint

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“…The results of a meta-analysis study in China showed that the prevalence of smoking among women was 5.34% [ 11 ]. The results of a meta-analysis study in Iran showed that the prevalence of smoking among girls aged 12 to 17 years old was 6% [ 12 ]. A study conducted in Central and Eastern Europe showed that the prevalence of smoking among women was 64.7% [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Jafari

Rajabi

Gholian-Aval

et al. 2021

Environ Health Prev Med

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Background This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28% and 17%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23%, 27%, 32%, and 38%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36%, 14%, 38%, 31%, and 32%, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women.

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“…Based on a confidence level of 0.95%, a proportion of 0.12, an accuracy of 0.03, and a sample loss of 25%, the sample size was estimated to be 604 subjects [ 11 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) report, 8.5% of girls have used tobacco, of which 5.5 and 4.8% are currently using tobacco and cigarette respectively [ 3 ]. The results of a meta-analysis study conducted in 2020 showed that the current and ever prevalence of cigarette smoking in Iranian adolescent girls were 6 and 12%, respectively [ 11 ]. The prevalence of cigarette smoking in women increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, shortness of breath, cervical cancer, and breast cancer [ 12 – 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and evaluation of psychometric properties of cigarette smoking tendency questionnaire for female adolescents (CTQFA)

et al. 2021

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Background The tendency of women to smoke has increased in recent years and the prevalence of smoking among women is increasing. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluation the psychometric properties of the smoking tendency questionnaire for Iranian female adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 604 female adolescents in Iran in 2021. The bank of questions was designed based on the qualitative study concepts and review of the literature. To perform the psychometric evaluation, steps such as face validity (qualitative), content validity (qualitative and quantitative) and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) were performed. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using McDonald’s omega coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results Based on the results of psychometrics (face, content, and construct validity), the number of questions was reduced from 102 to 52, and 50 questions were removed. Finally, a questionnaire with 52 questions and 5 subscales of the tendency to experience smoking (14 items), re-experience smoking (8 items), cigarette dependence (9 items), intention to quit smoking (9 items), and smoking cessation (12 items) was approved. The content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) for all questions were 0.770 and 0.938, respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients for all questions were 0.903 and 0.904, respectively. Conclusion Based on the results of this questionnaire, 52 questions, and 5 subscales can be used to assess the tendency of female adolescents to cigarette smoking.

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Current and former smokers among adolescents aged 12–17 years in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 19 publications

References 46 publications

The Prevalence of Smoking and the Use of Different Types of Tobacco Products Among Adult Syrians

The Prevalence of Smoking and the Use of Different Types of Tobacco Products Among Adult Syrians

National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Design and evaluation of psychometric properties of cigarette smoking tendency questionnaire for female adolescents (CTQFA)

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