National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28% and 17%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23%, 27%, 32%, and 38%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36%, 14%, 38%, 31%, and 32%, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women.

Predictors of Nutritional Status, Depression, Internet Addiction, Facebook Addiction, and Tobacco Smoking Among Women With Eating Disorders in Spain

“…In our study, smoking tended to be higher among older patients with all EDs and AN. In line, a meta-analysis reports that smoking rates are higher among adult, pregnant, and diseased women than in adolescent girls (40). In accordance, projection studies based on Spanish National Health Surveys (2003, 2006, and 2011) predict a significant decline in smoking rate among young Spanish women and a significant increase in smoking rate among older women (44).…”

“…Psychopathological features closely linked to dysfunctional emotional processing are documented core correlates of internet addiction, smoking, binge drinking, substance abuse, problematic gambling, and maladaptive patterns of physical activity (26). A considerable attention should be paid to smoking among women since it is on the rise, especially in Europe (up to 38%) (40), and it is associated with increased incidence of metabolic disorders [e.g., diabetes mellitus; (41)], lung cancer (42), mortality (43,44), and maternofetal complications when a smoker becomes pregnant (45). Based on the aforementioned background, the current study aims to identify the relationship between BMI and depression among women with EDs.…”

Characteristics of older adult hospitalized patients with bronchial asthma: a retrospective study

“…Unfortunately, data about education were not available for this study. Furthermore, it has become more socially acceptable for women to smoke [ 13 , 14 ]. In addition, the life expectancy of men is shorter than women due to a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Female gender as a risk factor for developing COPD

“…COPD has been considered a disease primarily associated with male gender, albeit this notion mainly was because more men smoked regularly than women, although the smoking prevalence in women was 28 % (Jafari et al, 2021[ 11 ]). Also, empirical data points to the fact that men usually commenced smoking earlier than women (by several decades) (Petty, 2006[ 12 ]).…”