Female gender as a risk factor for developing COPD

Impact of Lung-Related Polygenic Risk Scores on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Risk and Their Interaction with w-3 Fatty Acid Intake in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals

“…These findings align with previous research highlighting a higher incidence of COPD among men due to higher smoking rates. However, it is important to note that women who smoke have a 50% higher likelihood of developing COPD than men, and smoking has a more pronounced impact on respiratory function decline in women than men [28]. With the increasing prevalence of smoking among women, there is a concern that the incidence of COPD in women may rise accordingly.…”

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward disease prevention among a high-risk population for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross-sectional study

“…COPD has traditionally been considered a disease caused by smoking, primarily affecting men over 60 [ 32 ]. Previous studies have shown a significantly higher prevalence, misdiagnoses, and/or under-diagnoses among women than men in COPD [ [39] , [40] , [41] ]. In our research, the female COPD high-risk group has worse KAP scores toward COPD prevention than the male group ( P < 0.05).…”

Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival

“…Large epidemiological studies have demonstrated that for every pack-year of smoking, women are two to three times more likely to die from COPD than males [ 193 ] and are 50% more likely to develop COPD than men. One explanation is that because women’s lungs are smaller than men’s with comparable smoking histories, the harm from oxidative stress is more obvious in women [ 193 ].…”

“…Large epidemiological studies have demonstrated that for every pack-year of smoking, women are two to three times more likely to die from COPD than males [ 193 ] and are 50% more likely to develop COPD than men. One explanation is that because women’s lungs are smaller than men’s with comparable smoking histories, the harm from oxidative stress is more obvious in women [ 193 ]. Another is sex variations in the metabolism of tobacco: women have higher liver CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 activity levels, which activate specific tobacco smoke components to create ROS [ 194 ].…”