“…Long-term perspectives allow the identification of novel threats posed by rapid global change, and can serve as an early warning system for catastrophic ecological events (Seely, 1998;Macharia, 2004;Pamo, 2004;Pollino et al, 2007;Goodall, 2008;Liwenga, 2008;Vaarzon-Morel and Edwards, 2012;Barber et al, 2013;Leonard and Parsons, 2013;Lepofsky and Caldwell, 2013;Ruiz-Mallén and Corbera, 2013;Armatas et al, 2016;Austin et al, 2017;Farimani et al, 2017;Kainamu-Murchie et al, 2018;Kaiser et al, 2019;Arias-Bustamante and Innes, 2021;Copes-Gerbitz et al, 2021;Sinta et al, 2022). Integrating TEK into management of ecosystems affected by global change may improve outcomes, since TEK guides management actions based on ecological indicators rather than arbitrary jurisdictional or bureaucratic dictates (Bach et al, 2019).…”