Cultura de los cuidados: el debate entre historia y enfermería pre-profesional en las acuarelas de Jean-Baptiste Debret (1816-1831)

Abstract

To identify practices to care for and cure performed by black men and women, the study evokes the historical context marked by the transfer of the Portuguese Crown (1808-1820) to Brazil, social space meant as conducive to the development of diseases. Legacy pictorial records of the work of Jean-Baptiste Debret, preserved in the Museum Castro Maya, Rio de Janeiro, were used as the source and the results are social places of care and its performers as well as the links between History and History of Pre-Professional Brazilian Nursing in their oblique relations with the culture of care.Keywords: Culture Care; Cultural History; Pre-Professional Nursing; Negros RESUMENLa identificación de las prácticas de cuidar y curar realizadas por hombres y mujeres negros, permitio el estudio del contexto históri-co marcado por la transferencia de la Corona Portuguesa (1808-1820) para Brasil, espacio social significado como propicio para el desarrollo de enfermedades. El registros pictóricos legados de la obra de Jean-Baptiste Debret, conservados en el Museo Castro Maya, Rio de Janeiro, fueron utilizados como fuentes de la investigación y los resultados apresentan lugares sociales de atención a la salud y sus executores, así como los vínculos entre Historia e Historia de la Enfermería Pre-Profesional brasileña en sus relaciones oblicuas con la cultura del cuidados.

The Culture of Afro-Brazilian Care: Barber-Bleeder of Imperial Brazil and the Legacy for the Nursing Profession / Cultura dos Cuidados Afro-Brasileiros: Barbeiro-Sangrador do Brasil Imperial e Legado para Enfermagem

“…4 Figure 2, walking barber people, depicts an urban scene, which combines the encounter of people, the street trade and the arrival of ships in the port of Rio de Janeiro when reporting the denomination of the Court, as a place of constant negotiations with the old world and interrupted flow of values and people. 15 The aquarelle evidence black barbers, caring for others of the same ethnicity. It is possible to visualize the care, as an activity applied to the residents of that place.…”

“…The watercolors not only emphasized blacks in caring and healing practices, but they pointed to the fabrication of networks of complex and differentiated sociability, translated by anthropology of care, through culture, as one of the ways of caring before the emergence of schools and of professionalization in the field of health, and especially in the nursing field. 15…”

Desigualdades sociais no discurso da enfermagem brasileira: compromisso social e luta hegemónica

“…The racial issue and its relation to the profession are also present in the documents, revealing a discourse that denounces experiences of racism and discrimination by people in general and by nurses. As part of society as a whole, the nursing profession follows the historical journey of valorizing a model that dismisses practices carried out by black caregivers (Campos, 2015). Therefore, since its formation, Brazilian nursing is characterized by relations of inequality, with imbrications of gender, social class, and ethnicity/skin color, leading to wage devaluation and unequal career opportunities among women (Lombardi & Campos, 2018).…”

Black women in nursing history: the cultural competence in Maria Barbosa Fernandes´ trajectory

“…Similar to the insertion of Brazilian women in Portugal, the entry of black women into the nursing profession -under the influence of Christian morality -was considered undesirable. That is because the Nightingale model expected white, sanctified, pure representations associated with benevolence, charity, and nobility of nursing, and black women were hypersexualized, considered sinners, source of danger, of contagion of diseases, ignorant, degenerate and undisciplined (15)(16) .…”

“…These definitions increased the distances between black and white people in nursing and, the process of legitimizing the profession through the high valuation of the Nightingale model, disregarded the practices historically performed by black caregivers, roots of care in Brazil among the elderly, sick and children were (15) . Concerning Maria Barbosa's social position as a black woman, Social Science studies point out the effects of globalization and, consequently, of colonization on power relations and gender and race inequalities.…”