Cross-sectional analysis of fouled SWRO membranes by STEM–EDS

In situ investigation of combined organic and colloidal fouling for nanofiltration membrane using ultrasonic time domain reflectometry

“…A sample with an area of approximately 3.5 cm 2 was cut from the membrane beneath the location of ultrasonic transducer using a new blade. Freeze-drying causes less damage to the membrane structure than other dehydration methods using high temperature [25]. Therefore, the fouled and virgin membranes were freeze-dried using a vacuum freeze dryer (FD-1B, Boyikang Instruments Co. Ltd., Beijing, China).…”

Study on SEM and EDS Pattern of Charcoal Derived from Cogongrass by Pyrolysis in a Continuous Reactor

“…The biomass is composed of three major components-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin-and other minor components including organic extractives (fats, waxes, terpenes, resins, etc.) and inorganic minerals [4][5][6]. Continuous pyrolysis reactor is a one excellent of technology for synthesized charcoal and biooil [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

“…and inorganic minerals [4][5][6]. Continuous pyrolysis reactor is a one excellent of technology for synthesized charcoal and biooil [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In this case, we want to produce charcoal in high potential performance of yield and properties by applied some criteria of pyrolysis reactor to an generate the alternative energy source [7,8].…”