Crop Residue Effects on Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Concentrations and Loads in Runoff Water

Mirás-Avalos, José Manuel; Fouz, Patricia Sande; Vázquez, Eva Vidal; Paz‐González, Antonio; Bertol, Ildegardis

doi:10.1080/00103620802625542

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The NT causes a decrease in total losses of nutrients and organic matter by erosion, due to a decrease in total losses of soil and water compared to CT, despite higher contents of these nutrients and organic matter in runoff water in NT (Avalos et al, 2009;Dantas and Monteiro, 2010;Pugliesi et al, 2011). The effectiveness of the NT system in controlling the loss of plant nutrients and organic matter is unsatisfactory, due to their high contents present in the runoff water and in the eroded sediments (Barbosa et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient and Organic Carbon Losses, Enrichment Rate, and Cost of Water Erosion

Bertol

Luciano

Bertól

et al. 2017

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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Soil erosion from water causes loss of nutrients and organic carbon, enriches the environment outside the erosion site, and results in costs. The no-tillage system generates increased nutrient and C content in the topsoil and, although it controls erosion, it can produce a more enriched runoff than in the conventional tillage system. This study was conducted in a Humic Cambisol in natural rainfall from 1997 to 2012 to quantify the contents and total losses of nutrients and organic C in soil runoff, and to calculate the enrichment rates and the cost of these losses. The treatments evaluated were: a) soil with a crop, consisting of conventional tillage with one plowing + two harrowings (CT), minimum tillage with one chisel plowing + one harrowing (MT), and no tillage (NT); and b) bare soil: one plowing + two harrowings (BS). In CT, MT, and NT, black oat, soybean, vetch, corn, turnip, and black beans were cultivated. Over the 15 years, 15. were used in the soil. The P, K, Ca, Mg, and organic C contents in the soil were determined and also the P, K, Ca, and Mg sediments in the runoff water. From these contents, the total losses, the enrichment rates (ER), and financial losses were calculated. The NT increased the P, K, and organic C contents in the topsoil. The nutrients and organic C content in the runoff from NT was greater than from CT, showing that NT was not a fully conservationist practice for soil. The linear model y = a + bx fit the data within the level of significance (p≤0.01) when the values of P, K, and organic C in the sediments from erosion were related to those values in the soil surface layer. The nutrient and organic C contents were higher in the sediments from erosion than in the soil where the erosion originated, generating values of ER>1 for P, K, and organic C. The value of the total losses of nutrients in the form of triple superphosphate fertilizer, potassium chloride, and urea and limestone by water erosion was higher in CT than in NT. For triple superphosphate, the cost of erosion losses was 29 % higher in NT than in CT, while in urea and limestone, the effectiveness of NT in reducing costs was 65 and 50 %, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient and Organic Carbon Losses, Enrichment Rate, and Cost of Water Erosion

Bertol

Luciano

Bertól

et al. 2017

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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“…On an on-farm study in east central Nebraska, Wienhold and Gilley (2010) observed that corn residue baling at 6 ± 1 Mg ha −1 had no effect on runoff, but it slightly increased sediment loss (0.36 ± 0.02 Mg ha −1 ) compared with no residue removal (0.27 ± 0.01 Mg ha −1 ) when the total amount of residue produced was 12.9 ± 1 Mg ha −1 . Studies of crop residue removal from small plots also found that corn (Mirás-Avalos et al, 2009;Kenney et al, 2015), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (Blanco-Canqui and Lal, 2009) residue removal at rates above 50% can increase sediment and nutrient losses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Does Cattle Grazing and Baling of Corn Residue Increase Water Erosion?

Blanco‐Canqui

Stalker²,

Rasby

et al. 2016

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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A better understanding of the implications of corn (Zea mays L.) residue grazing and baling on soil and environmental quality is needed to develop sustainable integrated crop-livestock production systems. We studied how corn residue grazing and baling impacted water erosion in a rainfed and an irrigated site in Nebraska after one and seven grazing seasons, respectively. Treatments were grazing (4.4 animal unit mo [AUM] ha −1 ), baling, and control (no residue removal) in triplicate at the rainfed site on a Yutan silty clay loam (6% slope) and light grazing (2.5 AUM ha −1 ), heavy grazing (5 AUM ha −1 ), baling, and control in duplicate at the irrigated site on Duroc loam and Satanta loam (5.3% slope). We measured erosion under simulated rainfall for 30 min at an intensity of 6.3 ± 1.2 cm h −1 . Erosion did not increase after one season of grazing at the rainfed site, but it significantly increased after seven seasons of grazing at the irrigated site. At this site, both heavy and light grazing increased runoff by 3.3 mm and sediment loss by 0.26 Mg ha −1 . Baling had larger effects on water erosion than grazing. Across both sites, baling reduced time to runoff start by 14 min and increased runoff by 13 mm and sediment loss by 2.7 Mg ha −1 . While grazing after seven seasons increased nutrient loss, baling caused larger nutrient losses at both sites. Overall, grazing caused runoff losses of sediment, C, and nutrients in the long term, but baling consistently increased such losses in both short and long term.Abbreviations: AUM, animal unit month; EC, electrical conductivity. C orn (Zea mays L.) residue is an essential component of integrated croplivestock systems (Sulc and Franzluebbers, 2014). Whether grazed or baled, residue provides a low-cost feed for ruminant livestock production (Rasby et al., 2014;Stalker et al., 2015). Corn residue grazing or baling is an increasingly common practice in the Midwest to meet the increasing demands for forage, particularly in the fall and winter months when forage supply is limited. Increased conversion of grasslands to corn and soybean (Glycine max L.) production and increased feed costs have augmented demands for crop residues as forage in recent years.A better understanding of residue grazing and baling implications on soil and environmental quality is needed to support and develop sustainable crop-livestock production systems. One of the questions related to soil and water quality is: Does residue baling or grazing increase risks of water erosion under intense rainstorms? Increasing climatic fluctuations with severe drought and intense rainstorm events may increase the soil's susceptibility to water erosion if soil surface protective cover is reduced through crop residue baling or grazing (Nearing et al., 2004). Studies indicate that in the Midwest, the number of intense storms with 75 mm d −1 have increased by 103% in the last 50 yr (Saunders et al., 2012 Core Ideas• Water erosion did not increase after one season of grazing, but it significantly increased after seven se...

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“…Levando-se em conta apenas o valor de fósforo reativo total obtido neste trabalho, os resultados apontam que o valor tabelado em uso atual fica muito aquém do potencial de risco. Calculando a carga de FRT média dos tratamentos com cobertura vegetal herbácea de F a I, obtém-se o valor médio de 0,1913 t ha -1 ano -1 de P. Mesmo levando em conta os princípios de precaução que se deve ter quanto à extrapolação de dados obtidos em parcelas amostrais em experimento de chuvas simuladas para condições de bacia hidrográfica (Avalos et al, 2009) (2004)), também escolhida como representativa, por reproduzir os métodos atualmente empregados para manejo de fósforo e cobertura de solo para fruticultura em geral, os valores são ainda maiores, chegando a patamares de 3,8794 t ha -1 ano -1 , representando uma diferença 4.640 vezes maior que o valor tabelado.…”

Section: Valores Orientadores De Fósforo Contaminante Para O Rio Granunclassified

Adaptação metodológica no cálculo de cargas contaminantes de fósforo em bacias hidrográficas gaúchas

Gebler

Louzada

Bertol

et al. 2012

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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O fósforo em excesso no ambiente pode provocar diversos impactos negativos, com especial referência à qualidade das águas. Por isso, é necessária a adequação de metodologias para a avaliação de seu risco em relação aos recursos hídricos enfatizando, na escala de uma bacia hidrográfica, as fontes difusas agrícolas, que impõem maior dificuldade de estimativa. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma adaptação metodológica para quantificar o arraste de fósforo reativo dissolvido e total em áreas agrícolas, com base na influência de culturas arbóreas, de porte herbáceo e de campo nativo, além do seu manejo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo do arraste do fósforo reativo de parcelas cobertas por diferentes culturas agrícolas e relacioná-las com a metodologia do cálculo de carga máxima diária, atualmente aceita pelos órgãos ambientais do Estado para os processos de licenciamento ambiental de atividades potencialmente poluidoras. Os resultados demonstram que o cálculo de carga de fósforo contaminante, atualmente em uso, pode estar subestimando as condições brasileiras, sobremaneira para o Rio Grande do Sul e que a nova metodologia permite introduzir a variação temporal como elemento de análise no processo, permitindo que a análise para licenciamentos adote uma postura dinâmica e pontual.

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Crop Residue Effects on Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Concentrations and Loads in Runoff Water

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Nutrient and Organic Carbon Losses, Enrichment Rate, and Cost of Water Erosion

Nutrient and Organic Carbon Losses, Enrichment Rate, and Cost of Water Erosion

Does Cattle Grazing and Baling of Corn Residue Increase Water Erosion?

Adaptação metodológica no cálculo de cargas contaminantes de fósforo em bacias hidrográficas gaúchas

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