Cronbach's α reliability, concurrent validity, and factorial structure of the Death Depression Scale in an Iranian hospital staff sample

Abstract

Objective Death depression is an important component in the process of death and dying. Death depression is the second element of death. Depression is one of the important features in death distress. The aim of this study was to explore the performance of the Farsi version of the Death Depression Scale with an Iranian convenience sample of nurses ( n = 106). Methods Nurses were selected using a convenience sampling method, and completed the Death Depression Scale (DDS), Death Concern Scale (DCS), Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale (CLFDS), Reasons for Death Fear Scale (RDFS), Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), and Death Obsession Scale (DOS). Results The results of exploratory factor analysis on DDS identified 4 factors (56.16% of variance). Factor 1 labeled “Death sadness”, Factor 2 labeled “Death finality/end and Death dread/fear”, Factor 3 labeled “Death despair and Death depression”, and Factor 4 labeled “Death loneliness”. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.84, Spearman-Brown coefficient 0.85, and Guttman Split-Half coefficient 0.81 The DDS correlated 0.40 with the DCS, 0.39 with the CLFDS, 0.50 with the DAS, 0.35 with the RDFS, and 0.44 with the DOS, indicating good construct and criterion-related validity. Concurrent validity for the DDS with the other scales were significant. Conclusions The DDS has good validity and reliability, and it can use in clinical and research settings.

Designing Portable Shopping Trolley with Scooter Using Kansei Engineering Approach

“…The third test is a factor analysis test. This is used to divide the Kansei words into several groups or factors [14], [15]. This test is held after validity and reliability test.…”

“…The first step in factor analysis is evaluating Kansei words by using Significance value of Bartlett's Test of Sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value. The requirement of respectively values allowed is <0.05 and >0.5 [14], [15]. The test is followed by grouping the factors using eigenvalues [14].…”

“…Factor analysis is used to divide Kansei words into groups or factors [14], [15]. In other words, factor analysis summarizes Kansei words to facilitate the mapping of a product concept.…”

The effectiveness of 8A model death education on the reduction of death depression: A preliminary study

“…Higher scores on the DDS indicate more death depression (Fischer & Corcoran, ). Several studies have demonstrated that the DDS has good internal consistency, validity and reliability (Abdel‐Khalek, , ; Aghazadeh, Mohammadzadeh, & Rezaie, ; Almostadi, ; Alvarado, Templer, Bresler, & Thomas‐Dobson, ; Dadfar, & Lester, ; Dadfar, & Lester, in press; Mohammadzadeh, Rezaei, & Aghazadeh, ; Rajabi et al, ; Sharif Nia et al, ; Templer et al, , ; Tomás‐Sábado & Gómez‐Benito, ; Tomás‐Sábado & Limonero, ; Tomas–Sabado et al, ).…”

“…In the Depression stage, people become depressed over their death and may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time sullen and in mourning (Afonso, & Minayo, ; Burnier, ; Kübler‐Ross, & Kessler, ). In the Depression stage of the grief process, common signs of depression are difficulty sleeping, poor appetite, fatigue, lack of energy, crying spells, self‐pity, and feeling lonely, isolated, empty, lost and anxious (Dadfar, & Lester, ; Dadfar, Lester, Asgharnejad Farid, Atef Vahid, & Birashk, ; Tomás‐Sábado & Gómez‐Benito, ; Tomás‐Sábado & Limonero, ).…”