Critical appraisal on mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract

It is widely recognized that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common type of progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in cognitive impairment over time. Approximately 152 million cases of AD are predicted to be reported by 2050. Amyloid plaques and tau proteins are two major hallmarks of AD which can be seen under electron microscope. Mitochondria plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of AD and mitochondria disruption leads to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) dysfunction, alteration of mitochondria dependent Ca2+ homeostasis, copper dysfunction, immune cell dysfunction, etc. In this review, we try to cover all the mechanisms related with mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial pathogenesis that may help us to better understand AD as well as open a new era for therapeutic target of AD and treat this progressive disease.

Identification of potential neuroprotective compound from Ganoderma lucidum extract targeting microtubule affinity regulation kinase 4 involved in Alzheimer's disease through molecular dynamics simulation and MMGBSA

“…Dementia, which includes AD, affects 50 million individuals globally, most of whom are senile. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), AD is the world's fifth leading cause of death, with the number of fatalities anticipated to triple by 2050 if current trends continue 2 . AD is diagnosed using brain imaging, physical and cognitive evaluations, laboratory tests, and medical history 3 .…”

“…According to the World Health Organization (WHO), AD is the world's fifth leading cause of death, with the number of fatalities anticipated to triple by 2050 if current trends continue. 2 AD is diagnosed using brain imaging, physical and cognitive evaluations, laboratory tests, and medical history. 3 The risk factors for AD include apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype and traumatic brain injury, family history and age, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and a lack of education.…”

Ketamine as a therapeutic agent in major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Potential medicinal and deleterious effects

“…Therefore, it has been confirmed in numerous studies that depression as a neurodegenerative disorder resulting in atrophy of the brain regions 21 . Neurodegenerative disorders develop due to loss of neurons, resulting in a decline in cognitive functioning of the brain 22–28 . Several studies have identified the hippocampus as the key brain region linked to depression, and hippocampal plasticity occurs in patients with depression 29 .…”

Plausible Role of Stem Cell Types for Treating and Understanding the Pathophysiology of Depression

“…Neurodegenerative disorders are conditions in which the central nervous system cells stop functioning or die [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. The majority of neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and often worsen with time [ 54 , 55 ].…”