Crisp-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA)

Do the citizens of Europe trust their police?

“…For each constructed pdf, the associated 5 th percentile (lower-threshold), 50 th percentile (crossover) and 95 th percentile (upper-threshold) were identified. Adhering to the philosophy of both quantitative and qualitative assessment of the selection of qualitative anchors (see Rihoux and De Meur, 2009), the surrounding pairs of cases (police forces through their variable values) around these identified qualitative anchor values were qualitatively assessed using the author's theoretical expertise (see also Greckhamer, 2011, for similar case based comparison approach). It followed the 5 th , 50 th and 95 th percentiles were consistently adopted for the three qualitative anchors.…”

Exploring IT-Enabled Public Sector Innovation in U.S. States

“…Additionally, set-theoretic methods allow for equifinality -that there may be many equally valid paths to the same outcome [32]. Finally, set-theoretic methods are oriented to determining whether a condition or set of conditions are necessary -the condition or set of conditions is always present when the outcome occurs -and/or sufficient -the outcome always occurs when the condition or set of conditions is present [33]. A Boolean algebra-based set-theoretic approach can be used to capture both the causal complexity and equifinality components of configurational relationships in a parsimonious form [34].…”

“…A specific form of QCA where the values of the conditions are binary is called crisp set QCA (csQCA), where values for each condition are set to 0 or 1 to denote whether an element is present or absent, ascribed a value of high or low, or is naturally dichotomized variables (male/female) [33]. QCA is ideal when working with an intermediate number of cases (generally defined as 30-50), although there is no procedural limit to greater numbers of cases being used [35].…”

Conditions for Sustainability of the Elephant Marsh Fishery in Malawi

“…Crisp set QCA is done in six steps [54][55][56] using TOSMANA (Tool for Small-N Analysis) version 1.3.2.0 [57]. It allows a direct conversion of hypotheses into variables (Table 2), which are relevant for all the cases, followed by building of a raw dataset for the cases (Table 3) and construction of a truth table.…”