This study undertakes a crosscountry comparison of the relationship between entrepreneurship attitudes and high and low entrepreneurial activity. The analysis employs fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The data set comes from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2011 survey, four country-level entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions variables considered against Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity from a sample of 54 countries. This study provides comprehensive understanding of variations between individual countries at different levels of economic development and groups of countries in their level of opportunity and necessity-related entrepreneurial activity. Keywords: Country; economic development; entrepreneurship activity; fsQCA; opportunity; necessity growth. This focus suggests a need for research using TEA to group countries by economicdevelopment stage while simultaneously comparing drivers of entrepreneurship for policymaking. Conjunctional causation, that is, that combinations of various causal conditions rather than one condition alone cause the outcome (Woodside, 2013), is also relevant for this study. This analysis draws on fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), a set-theoretic technique for causal-oriented investigation (Ragin, 2000, 2008). As a development on the original QCA (Ragin, 1987), fsQCA is increasingly popular across social sciences and business research, including country (Cheng et al., 2013), cross-cultural (Greckhamer, 2011), and corporate (Ganter & Hecker, 2014) levels. This study considers four condition variables against TEA by using the GEM (2011) data set (Bosma et al., 2012) on a fsQCA analysis of TEA across a 54-country sample, reflecting EAaPs in these countries. After this introductory section, section 2 explains the EAaP measures. Section 3 presents the method and pre-processing necessary for FsQCAs. Section 4 includes the technical and graphical explanation of the fsQCA analyses. Section 5 offers the interpretation of results, and section 6 presents conclusions the results and the use of FsQCA.
This article brings together resource-based theory and contingency theory to analyze organizational capability in the public sector. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis is used to identify configurations of organizational attributes (department size, structural complexity, agencification, personnel instability, use of temporary employees), associated with high and low organizational capability in UK central government departments. Findings identify a single core configuration of organizational attributes associated with high capability departments—low structural complexity and personnel stability. Two core configurations are associated with low capability departments—personnel instability and the combination of structural complexity and departmental agencification. Based on the configurations evident in successful and struggling organizations, discussion illuminates potential organizational design strategies to improve public sector organizational capability.
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