Crambe seed processing: Removal of glucosinolates by water extraction

Abstract

A method is reported for removingepi‐progoitrin, the major glucosinolate, from crambe seed meal. Defatted meal was cooked and water extracted or treated with soda ash and then water extracted. Although soda ash aided destruction and removal of glucosinolate factors, there was a 28% reduction in total lysine. In animal feeding tests designed to reflect differences due to toxic factors, soda ash treated and water extracted meals gave the best results. No toxicity was apparent in rats and chicks fed these meals in nutritionally adequate diets. The rat diet included 30% crambe meal for 90 days; the chick diet, 20% crambe meal for 4 weeks. Pathological examinations in both series showed no organ damage.

Crambe meal as a protein source for feeds

“…Average composition of seed grown in different geographical locations is shown in Table I, where crude protein (N • 6.25) levels range from 20% in the whole seed to nearly 50% in the dehulled, defatted meal (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Seed hull accounts for ca.…”

“…VanEtten et al (8) compared the AA pattern of hen's egg to the AA patterns of a number of cereal grains and oilseed meals, and they concluded that the AA pattern and high protein content of crambe would make it a good supplemental source of protein to use with cereal grains in feeds. aAdapted from Mustakas and coworkers (10,12,14); Kirk and coworkers ( 11,13) and Baker et al (15).…”

“…Similarly, VanEtten et al (19) found that rats fed crambe meal as 15-25% of their rations lost weight and died within 90 days. Such toxicity is always observed in feeding raw crambe meals containing both intact glucosinolates and active TGSase (9,(12)(13)(14)(16)(17)(18)37). In contrast, VanEtten et al (19) and Yookey et al (16) showed that aqueous acetone extraction of dehulled, defatted crambe meal removed all but traces of epi-PG and aglucon products and effectively detoxified the meal.…”

“…Soda ash treatment left 2-3% epi-PG and 0.2-0.7% nitriles in the meal (14) and epi-PG (0.5-0.6%) and cyanobutene (III, 0.8-0.9%) were found in the ferrous sulfate-treated meals (13). The intent of these chemical treatments was to destroy glucosinolates and prevent aglucon products from forming.…”

Microwave inactivation of thioglucosidase in intact crambe seeds

“…However, crambe seeds contain glucosinolates that when hydrolyzed by an endogenous enzyme, thioglucosidase, produce toxic compounds which limit palatability to animals and render the meal toxic to nonruminants (6). Various processing methods have been developed to detoxify crambe meal by either decomposing the glucosinolates (2,7,8) or by inactivating thioglucosidase and removing the intact glucosinolates by aqueous extraction (9)(10)(11). Both dry and moist heat have been used to inactivate thioglucosidase (12).…”