COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak

COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review

“…Regarding the severity of COVID-19, there is a growing interest in the relationship between the severity of disease and gender. Although the Chinese series showed equal number of cases between males and females, the data suggested that more men than women suffered from severe disease and died (23,24). The data from other countries demonstrated similar results (25).…”

An ecological study of socioeconomic predictors in detection of COVID-19 cases across neighborhoods in New York City

“…The balance of males and females as a significant factor indicates that areas with 255 more males are associated with higher detected COVID-19 cases. This factor remains 256 significant even when the two outliers shown in Fig 8B, [35] note the lack of sex analysis by global health institutions. 259 Studies have posited sex differences in immunological function [36] or smoking 260 prevalence/pattern [37] as potential causes of differing medical outcomes.…”

Single-cell analysis of human lung epithelia reveals concomitant expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 with multiple virus receptors and scavengers in alveolar type II cells

“…It is intriguing to suggest that perhaps this small population of ACE2expressing cells may underlie the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia and respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients. It is important to note that emerging studies are showing that males are disproportionately affected by COVID-19, possibly due to sex-based immunological bias or differences in smoking patterns and prevalence 53 . Also, a recent preprint suggested that smoking causes expansion of ACE2-expressing lung epithelia 42 .…”