COVID-19 Pandemic: Review of Contemporary and Forthcoming Detection Tools

Oishee, Mumtarin Jannat; Ali, Tamanna; Jahan, Nowshin; Khandker, Shahad Saif; Haq, Ahsanul; Khondoker, Mohib Ullah; Sil, Bijon Kumar; Lugova, Halyna; Krishnapillai, Ambigga; Abubakar, Abdullahi Rabiu; Kumar, Santosh; Haque, Mainul; Jamiruddin, Mohd. Raeed; Adnan, Nihad

doi:10.2147/idr.s289629

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 238 publications

(297 reference statements)

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“…27,28 Other techniques like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), microfluidic immune-fluorescence assay, chromatographic digital immunoassays are evolving. [47][48][49] However, the flowthrough dot-blot-based approach is not yet widely available as COVID-19 immunoassay. This work includes developing and evaluating a rapid flow-through dot-blot assay (FT-DBA) to detect SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG in human serum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for Enhanced Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Nucleocapsid and Receptor Binding Domain IgG

Sil¹,

Jamiruddin²,

Haq³

et al. 2021

IJN

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Background: Serological tests detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2) are widely used in seroprevalence studies and evaluating the efficacy of the vaccination program. Some of the widely used serological testing techniques are enzymelinked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). However, these tests are plagued with low sensitivity or specificity, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. We developed a serological test implementing flow-through dot-blot assay (FT-DBA) for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG detection, which provides enhanced sensitivity and specificity while being quick to perform and easy to use. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 antigens were immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane to capture human IgG, which was then detected with anti-human IgG conjugated gold nanoparticle (hIgG-AuNP). A total of 181 samples were analyzed in-house. Within which 35 were further evaluated in US FDA-approved CLIA Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 assay. The positive panel consisted of RT-qPCR positive samples from patients with both <14 days and >14 days from the onset of clinical symptoms. The negative panel contained samples collected from the pre-pandemic era dengue patients and healthy donors during the pandemic. Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of FT-DBA were evaluated against RT-qPCR positive sera. However, the overall efficacies were assessed with sera that seroconverted against either nucleocapsid (NCP) or receptorbinding domain (RBD). Results: In-house ELISA selected a total of 81 true seropositive and 100 seronegative samples. The sensitivity of samples with <14 days using FT-DBA was 94.7%, increasing to 100% for samples >14 days. The overall detection sensitivity and specificity were 98.8% and 98%, respectively, whereas the overall PPV and NPV were 99.6% and 99%. Moreover, comparative analysis between in-house ELISA assays and FT-DBA revealed clinical agreement of Cohen's Kappa value of 0.944. The FT-DBA showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% when compared with commercial CLIA kits. Conclusion:The assay can confirm past SARS-CoV-2 infection with high accuracy within 2 minutes compared to commercial CLIA or in-house ELISA. It can help track SARS-CoV-2 disease progression, population screening, and vaccination response. The ease of use of the assay without requiring any instruments while being semi-quantitative provides the avenue of its implementation in remote areas around the globe, where conventional serodiagnosis is not feasible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for Enhanced Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Nucleocapsid and Receptor Binding Domain IgG

Sil¹,

Jamiruddin²,

Haq³

et al. 2021

IJN

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“…The isothermal nucleic acids amplification technology has emerged because it can provide more rapid detection with high sensitivity. Several reports have been published on rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples using the isothermal techniques such as RT-LAMP and rolling circle amplification (RCA) ( Oishee et al, 2021 ). RCA was integrated with electrochemical biosensors for rapid (< 2 h) detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples with an LOD of 1 copy/µL ( Chaibun et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Prospectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses

Bhardwaj

Hong

Jang

et al. 2021

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Air-transmissible pathogenic viruses, such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses, are some of the most fatal strains and spread rapidly by air, necessitating quick and stable measurements from sample air volumes to prevent further spread of diseases and to take appropriate steps rapidly. Measurements of airborne viruses generally require their collection into liquids or onto solid surfaces, with subsequent hydrosolization and then analysis using the growth method, nucleic-acid-based techniques, or immunoassays. Measurements can also be performed in real time without sampling, where species-specific determination is generally disabled. In this review, we introduce some recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. Air sampling and measurement technologies for viral aerosols are reviewed, with special focus on the effects of air sampling on damage to the sampled viruses and their measurements. Measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses is an interdisciplinary research area that requires understanding of both aerosol technology and biotechnology to effectively address the issues. Hence, this review is expected to provide some useful guidelines regarding appropriate air sampling and virus detection methods for particular applications.

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“…27,28 In line with these observations, reinfection/relapse with SARS-CoV-2 has been invoked to explain the recurring presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA after testing negative by RT-qPCR, a gold standard test for COVID-19 diagnosis. 29,30 Recently there has been a few reports of reinfection, there is still a raging debate on its overall frequency of occurrence. 14,16,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] This raises questions about the efficacy of an effective vaccine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Antibody Dynamics Against Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in Three COVID-19 Patients Shows Concurrent Development of IgA, IgM, and IgG

Jamiruddin¹,

Haq²,

Tomizawa³

et al. 2021

JIR

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Background Dynamics and persistence of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies can give us the knowledge required for serodiagnosis, disease management, and successful vaccine design and development. The disappearance of antibodies, absence of humoral immunity activation, and sporadic reinfection cases emphasize the importance of longitudinal antibody dynamics against variable structural antigens. Methods In this study, twenty-five healthy subjects working in a SARS-COV-2 serodiagnostic assay development project were enrolled, and their sign and symptoms were followed up to six months. Three subjects showed COVID-19-like symptoms, and three subjects’ antibody dynamics were followed over 120 days by analyzing 516 samples. We have developed 12 different types of in-house ELISAs to observe the kinetics of IgG, IgM, and IgA against four SARS-CoV-2 proteins, namely nucleocapsid, RBD, S1, and whole spike (S1+S2). For the development of these assays, 30–104 pre-pandemic samples were taken as negative controls and 83 RT-qPCR positive samples as positive ones. Results All three subjects presented COVID-19-like symptoms twice, with mild symptoms in the first episode were severe in the second, and RT-qPCR confirmed the latter. The initial episode did not culminate with any significant antibody development, while a multifold increase in IgG antibodies characterized the second episode. Interestingly, IgG antibody development concurrent with IgM and IgA and persisted, whereas the latter two weans off rather quickly if appeared. Conclusion Antibody kinetics observed in this study can provide a pathway to the successful development of sero-diagnostics and epidemiologists to predict the fate of vaccination currently in place.

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COVID-19 Pandemic: Review of Contemporary and Forthcoming Detection Tools

Cited by 40 publications

References 238 publications

AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for Enhanced Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Nucleocapsid and Receptor Binding Domain IgG

AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for Enhanced Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Nucleocapsid and Receptor Binding Domain IgG

Recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses

Longitudinal Antibody Dynamics Against Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in Three COVID-19 Patients Shows Concurrent Development of IgA, IgM, and IgG

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