Recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses

Abstract

Air-transmissible pathogenic viruses, such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses, are some of the most fatal strains and spread rapidly by air, necessitating quick and stable measurements from sample air volumes to prevent further spread of diseases and to take appropriate steps rapidly. Measurements of airborne viruses generally require their collection into liquids or onto solid surfaces, with subsequent hydrosolization and then analysis using the growth method, nucleic-acid-based techniques, or immunoassays. Measurements can also be performed in real time without sampling, where species-specific determination is generally disabled. In this review, we introduce some recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. Air sampling and measurement technologies for viral aerosols are reviewed, with special focus on the effects of air sampling on damage to the sampled viruses and their measurements. Measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses is an interdisciplinary research area that requires understanding of both aerosol technology and biotechnology to effectively address the issues. Hence, this review is expected to provide some useful guidelines regarding appropriate air sampling and virus detection methods for particular applications.

International consensus on lung function testing during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

“…There is a lack of evidence-based research conducted on the transmissibility of recognised airborne diseases and SARS-CoV-2 during LFTs. Another issue is that airborne transmission is difficult to demonstrate fully due to known technological limitations [15]. This potentially underestimates the emission of fine expiratory particles produced via breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing or performing LFTs.…”

Paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of multiple avian influenza virus antigens using flexible screen-printed carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane electrodes

“…Although the bending test is one of the major considerations for a flexible biosensor, paper-based electrochemical biosensors showing a bending test have rarely been presented to date 42 , 43 . This may be because such sensors are usually developed as disposable devices, and continuous monitoring of airborne viruses using disposable and flexible immunosensors, which may require that the sensors should be bent and unfolded 21 , has rarely been reported despite its high impact 44 , 45 . Moreover, the proposed MWCNT-PDMS electrodes on a paper substrate have the potential for flexible electrochemical biosensor applications, such as polymer-based roll-to-roll printed biosensor patches 46 .…”

Evaluation of Virucidal Efficacy of Human Norovirus Using Combined Sprayed Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Ultraviolet C-Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation Treatment Based on Optimized Capture Assay for Quantitative RT-qPCR

“…UV dose uniformity with respect to time and area is the most significant variable, which must be considered before employing UVC-LED irradiation ( Araud et al, 2020 ). Furthermore, the fomite type should be considered an important variable because irradiation efficiency differs based on whether the fomites are porous (e.g., clothes and papers) or non-porous (e.g., glass, stainless steel, plastic) Bhardwaj J. et al (2021) . Moreover, ( Bhardwaj J. et al, 2021 ) demonstrate that non-porous fomites are the main contributors to the transmission of viral infection because the survival duration of infectious viruses on them is much longer than that on porous fomites.…”

“…Furthermore, the fomite type should be considered an important variable because irradiation efficiency differs based on whether the fomites are porous (e.g., clothes and papers) or non-porous (e.g., glass, stainless steel, plastic) Bhardwaj J. et al (2021) . Moreover, ( Bhardwaj J. et al, 2021 ) demonstrate that non-porous fomites are the main contributors to the transmission of viral infection because the survival duration of infectious viruses on them is much longer than that on porous fomites. To investigate the survivability of HuNoV, Ha et al (2015) report that HuNoV GII.4 exists on artificially contaminated stainless-steel surfaces for up to 4 weeks following artificial inoculation.…”

“…Therefore, UVC-LED treatment (ranging between 100 and 280 nm) is broadly used in various sectors to block infection transmission and ensure public health. Across the entire UVC radiation spectrum, UVC-LEDs of wavelengths 269–276 nm are highly effective for inactivating infectious viruses in water and air and on any type of environmental surface ( Bhardwaj J. et al, 2021 ).…”