COVID-19 pandemic: A multidisciplinary perspective on the pathogenesis of a novel coronavirus from infection, immunity and pathological responses

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread to more than 200 countries and regions, having a huge impact on human health, hygiene, and economic activities. The epidemiological and clinical phenotypes of COVID-19 have increased since the onset of the epidemic era, and studies into its pathogenic mechanisms have played an essential role in clinical treatment, drug development, and prognosis prevention. This paper reviews the research progress on the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), focusing on the pathogenic characteristics, loci of action, and pathogenic mechanisms leading to immune response malfunction of SARS-CoV-2, as well as summarizing the pathological damage and pathological manifestations it causes. This will update researchers on the latest SARS-CoV-2 research and provide directions for future therapeutic drug development.

COVID-19 in patients with inborn errors of immunity - the current state of knowledge, diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas

“…Similarly, the accumulation of impaired immune regulation due to inborn error and dysregulation caused by SARS CoV2 virus results in an increased risk of a severe course of COVID-19. [4]…”

Identification and quantification of nine compounds in Fangwen Jiuwei decoction by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…Pneumonia is a common respiratory disease, usually caused by viral or bacterial infection of the lungs. Pneumonia also can be caused by other microorganisms, certain drugs, and autoimmune diseases, but less commonly [4][5][6]. The interplay between pathogens and the immune system not only poses an immediate between pathogens and the immune system not risk of death but also affects a patient's risk of developing comorbidities for up to ten years after pneumonia has been cured [7].…”

Post acute CoViD-19 syndrome (PACS) - Long CoViD

“…To be sure, fundamental and clinical research has widely confirmed our hypotheses and expanded the knowledge-base about the virology and immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 [ 5 , 6 , 7 & 8 ], the immune response to infection and reinfection [ 8 , 9 & 10 ], and the multi-organ and multi-system nature of CoViD-19, from the neurological and central nervous system pathologies [ 11 , 12 , 13 & 14 ], respiratory [ 15 , 16 ], cardiovascular [ 17 , 18 & 19 ], gastrointestinal [ 20 , 21 & 22 ], endothelial and coagulation [ 23 , 24 ], with micro-thrombi complications, from deep vain thrombosis to pulmonary embolism [ 25 , 26 and 27 ]: a complex set of multiple pathologies [ 28 , 29 ]. In all, five principal clusters of CoViD-19 pathology have been identified statistically to date [ 30 ].…”