Post acute CoViD-19 syndrome (PACS) - Long CoViD

Abstract

Patients sero-positive for the Systemic Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus2 (SARS-CoV2) virus develop the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (CoViD-19). CoViD-19 may be asymptomatic in some individuals, proffer mild symptoms in other patients, and can be a serious and even lethal disease in a sub-group of the population. The variables that determine the severity of CoViD-19 have not been fully characterized. What is clear is that the patients who survive CoViD-19 return to a state of sero-negativity for SARS-CoV2 generally within 3-5 weeks. However, several cases of repeated infection have been reported, and a large proportion of CoViD-19-recovered patients manifest multi-system and multi-organ symptomatic pathologies several weeks-to-months after resuming sero-negativity for SARS-CoV2. This new pathological condition, originally termed Long Covid, is now recognized as the Post Acute CoViD-19 Syndrome (PACS). The original principal clusters of signs and symptoms of PACS: likelihood of relapse and reinfection, physical fatigue and cognitive slowdown, may actually be broadened to include immune deregulation, cardiovascular disease and coagulation abnormalities. The development and evaluation of new and improved clinical interventions for PACS are critical and timely.

Climate change and emerging pathogens: Toward nature-based solutions

“…However, in a related research synthesis protocol involving three randomized controlled trials and 356 subjects, D3 supplementation was conclusively shown to improve COVID-19 severity outcomes [28] . The role of D3 in the onset and course of the Post Acute CoVID-19 Syndrome (PACS; i.e., Long COVID) [29] is yet to be determined.…”

Changes in the State of Vital Systems with Long COVID-19

“…The following scheme reflecting multiple organ damage caused by coronavirus and leading to long COVID-19 is proposed (Chippa et al, 2022) (Fig. 1).…”

“…The terms post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) and post acute COVID-19 (2.PASC) (Rubin, 2020), as well as long-haulers COVID-19, are rarely used. Consequently, long COVID-19 can be presented as a complex of different clinical symptoms in patients who were considered recovered from COVID-19 that can appear at least four weeks after the initial infection (Chippa et al, 2022). It should be noted that post-acute or long COVID is an increasingly common syndrome.…”

Post-COVID Sequelae: From Lung Disease to Long Disease

“…Post-COVID sequelae can occur as a continuation of the acute phase or can present later as a delayed complication of the acute phase. These symptoms can overlap with the acute phase and include fatigue, dyspnea, fevers, cough, myalgias, etc [2]. Though the exact mechanism of this post-acute phenomenon is not completely understood, it is thought to be a result of an overwhelming immune response followed by a potentially prolonged compensatory counterbalancing anti-inflammatory cascade [2].…”

“…These symptoms can overlap with the acute phase and include fatigue, dyspnea, fevers, cough, myalgias, etc [2]. Though the exact mechanism of this post-acute phenomenon is not completely understood, it is thought to be a result of an overwhelming immune response followed by a potentially prolonged compensatory counterbalancing anti-inflammatory cascade [2]. This immune system activation and suppression can result in a large toll on the body responsible for many symptoms experienced by patients in the post-acute phase.…”