COVID-19 diagnosis by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein detection in saliva using an ultrasensitive magneto-assay based on disposable electrochemical sensor

Sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using vertically-oriented silicon nanowire array-based biosensor

“…Alternatively, recently there has been increasing efforts in the development of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-based biosensors by multiple research groups around the world [ [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] ]. This is because ACE2 is the main receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 for cellular entry, and infection of SARS-CoV-2 begins when the spike protein binds to ACE2 [ 17 ].…”

Towards Label-free detection of viral disease agents through their cell surface proteins: Rapid screening SARS-CoV-2 in biological specimens

“…The detection of viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2 infections, by antigen tests has been recommended by the world health organisation (WHO) as a cheap and rapid alternative for the RT-qPCR test [26] . The detection of the virus spike protein has been one of the useful approaches to develop new antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 infections [ 10 , 23 , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ].…”

“…Nascimento et al, recently demonstrated a new electrochemical method for the detection of the S1 protein in saliva [26] . The method uses magnetic beads to bind the protein and after binding, ACE2-coated gold nanoparticles are used to sandwich bind the protein.…”

Emerging Electrochemical Biosensing Trends for Rapid Diagnosis of COVID-19 Biomarkers as Point-of-Care Platforms: A Critical Review

“…This technique also presented 100% sensitivity and 93.7% specificity towards spike protein, confirming the ability of the sensor as a point-of-care device with low cost and as a noninvasive technique with high specificity. 13 A biosensor utilizing electrochemical capillary flow immunoassay that is rapid and requires low sample volume was reported to detect very low quantities of nucleocapsid protein. This electrochemical capillary-flow assay sensor also utilizes a screen-printed electrode, and the working electrode was conjugated with anti-N antibody labeled with HRP for specific detection of nucleocapsid protein.…”