COVID-19: an update and cardiac involvement

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects host cells through angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors, leading to coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related pneumonia, and also causing acute cardiac injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this review is primarily reviewing the COVID-19 disease, including pathogen, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment with particular attention to cardiovascular involvement based on the current evidence. COVID-19 remains a threat to global public health. The associated extra-pulmonary manifestations and their prolonged consequences are frequently overlooked. Pre-existing cardiovascular disease or acute cardiac complications may contribute to adverse early clinical outcome. At the moment, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19, but multiple randomized controlled trials (RCT) are being conducted. New supportive therapies are being evaluated with promising results.

Clinical Applications of Patient-Specific 3D Printed Models in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Status and Future Directions

“…Another novel application of 3D printing technique is to assist management with the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which results in a shortage of medical supplies, in particular, the personal protective equipment (PPE) [ 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ], given the primary presentation of respiratory symptoms by COVID-19 [ 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ], although it is also associated with cardiovascular disease [ 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ]. 3D printing is playing an important role in providing medical devices including PPE when we are still fighting against the COVID-19 as shown in some reports documenting an overview of 3D printing applications and challenges in the COVID-19 [ 87 , 98 ].…”

Role of vitamins and minerals as immunity boosters in COVID-19

“…The literature demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 and reduces its expression; consequently, angiotensin-II increases, which subsequently leads to hypokalemia. (Alwaqfi and Ibrahim 2020). COVID-19 patients showed increased concentration of plasma angiotensin-II, possibly responsible for acute lung injury and as confirmed in SARS-CoV animal models (Zemlin and Wiese 2020).…”

COVID-19 and arrhythmia: An overview

“…The S2 subunit facilitates viral fusion with the host membrane after interaction with transmembrane protease serine 2 [4] . Although the receptor is mainly expressed in type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes in the lungs, it may also be expressed in other organs, including the heart, kidneys, and intestines [5] .…”