Could Biochemical Liver Profile Help to Assess Metabolic Response to Aerobic Effort in Athletes?

Abstract

Monitoring and optimizing the effectiveness of training course require wide analyses of athletes' blood parameter changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of biochemical liver profile to assess the metabolic response to semi-long-distance outdoor run in football players. Sixteen football players run outdoor for 60 minutes to achieve aerobic metabolism. Plasma activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and plasma levels of total and direct bilirubin were determined in samples obtained before exercise test (pre-exercise) and immediately after the run (post-exercise). Mean AST plasma activity (U·L-1) before/after the exercise, respectively, was 78.3/228.3 in women and 76.5/56.2 in men. Mean ALT plasma activity (U·L-1) before/after the exercise, respectively, was 27.5/59.1 in women and 36.2/35.3 in men. Mean GGT plasma activity (U·L-1) before/after the exercise, respectively, was 39.3/76.6 in women and 44.7/71.2 in men. Plasma levels of total and direct bilirubin were similar before and after the run regardless of the gender. Statistical significance of the differences between results obtained pre- and post-exercise occurred in women (p = 0.0212 for AST; p = 0.0320 for ALT; p = 0.0067 for GGT, respectively). The training monitoring in athletes should be performed using measurements of performance and biological or physiological parameters. It was found that AST, ALT, and GGT activities could be a valuable tool to assess the metabolic response in high-level fitness female athletes. Therefore, monitoring of those well-known diagnostic markers could prevent the trainee from harmful overtraining.

The Influence of a Health-Related Fitness Training Program on Motor Performance as Well as Hematological and Biochemical Parameters

“…This study provides further evidence that among former athletes, interpretation of blood aminotransferases activities should consider the release of aminotransferases from skeletal muscle, especially given that no other significant changes in liver clinical parameters (e.g., GGT, bilirubin total and direct, total protein, albumin) during the 4-month-long study were observed. It is also worth noting that in comparison to our previous results [8,35,36], the current findings confirm that changes in AST and ALT activities emerge before any increase in CK activity. LDH activity is often considered a marker of muscle cell damage, as a rise in its concentration is concomitant with disruption to the sarcoma [37][38][39].…”

“…The benefits of PA on psychosocial and cognitive health have been also confirmed [2][3][4]. Further, PA has a beneficial effect on general health conditions and induces metabolic changes that are manifested in hematological changes of clinical biochemistry parameters [5][6][7][8]. Health-Related Fitness (H-RF), which is developed during various training programs, is also associated with an improvement of the general well-being.…”

“…In the case of both aminotransferases and LDH activities, the increase observed was related to the training program, since we could exclude any pathological cause. Generally, the increase in AST and ALT activity is related to liver or skeletal muscle injuries or heart attack [32], but there is increasing evidence that the increase in AST and ALT activity in professional athletes, specifically, is associated with the release of enzymes from muscle cells rather than liver pathology [8,[33][34][35]. This study provides further evidence that among former athletes, interpretation of blood aminotransferases activities should consider the release of aminotransferases from skeletal muscle, especially given that no other significant changes in liver clinical parameters (e.g., GGT, bilirubin total and direct, total protein, albumin) during the 4-month-long study were observed.…”

Síndrome de overtraining – sintomas e prevenção: uma revisão sistemática

“…Os autores analisaram os atletas em diversas fases do período de treinamento e apontaram que especial atenção deve ser dada ao final da fase de preparação e ao final do período competitivo, pois, os parâmetros sanguíneos indicaram que, nestes pontos do tempo, os jogadores estão sob tensão física excessiva e estão sob risco aumentado de apresentar OTS. Em concordância com estes achados, Milanez et al(23), em estudo observacional com seguimento de 5 semanas, encontrou diminuição nos níveis de IgA com o aumento das cargas de trabalho. O autor conclui em seu trabalho que é válida a observação das alterações dos níveis de IgA (salivar) para a prevenção de um possível quadro de OTS.…”

Efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade sobre as respostas fisiológicas e o desempenho de atletas de judô

“…).Em adição, a elevação das concentrações de CK, LDH, AST e ALT podem ser realizadas como exames complementares, tendo em vista identificar sintomas concernentes à fadiga residual, monitoramento e controle do processo de treinamento, overreaching e, em casos mais severos, o overtraining(LEHMANN;KEUL, 1993;SILVA et al, 2001;CHAMERA et al, 2014). De fato, vale destacar que as mensurações de CK, LDH, AST e ALT substancialmente devem ser realizadas conjuntamente, a fim de não cometer erros de interpretação no diagnóstico dos resultados dos exames, tendo em consideração o dano fim, é considerável frisar que os valores de referência podem se diferenciar mediante a técnica de análise, armazenamento da amostra, preparo do reagente e marca do kit.Portanto, o processamento das análises deve ser efetivado seguindo a padronização preconizada pelo kit do fabricante.No tocante à pesquisa elaborada porRibeiro et al (2006) foram mensuradas as concentrações de AST, ALT, CK e LDH antes e após lutas fragmentadas de 90s, 180s e 300s em 12 atletas experientes de judô.…”