Costs of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Power and Liquid Fuels

Structural effects of C3 oxygenated fuels on soot formation in ethylene coflow diffusion flames

“…One of the most common and cost-effective sources of alternative liquid fuels is from the conversion of renewable resources [4,5]. The use of non-fossil carbon in the production of these fuels means that they have a much lower carbon footprint than traditional fossil fuels [6], such that they are often referred to as carbonneutral fuels, although it would be more accurate to refer to them as low-carbon fuels.…”

Conversion of Pyrolysis Products into Volatile Fatty Acids with a Biochar-Packed Anaerobic Bioreactor

“…Total DNA was extracted from 500 mg of freeze-dried samples using the DNeasy PowerSoil Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instructions with a slight modification, and the homogenization step was performed in a FastPrep instrument (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA, United States) by three 1 min steps at 5.5 movements per sec. Total DNA was quantified by using NanoDrop ND-1000 (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE), and 25 ng was used for the amplification step of the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using the 341F and 785R primers carrying Illumina adapter overhang sequences . Briefly, the thermal cycle consisted of initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, 25 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, an elongation step at 72 °C for 30 s, and a final elongation step at 72 °C for 5 min.…”

“…Total DNA was quantified by using NanoDrop ND-1000 (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE), and 25 ng was used for the amplification step of the V3−V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene using the 341F and 785R primers carrying Illumina adapter overhang sequences. 1 Briefly, the thermal cycle consisted of initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, 25 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, an elongation step at 72 °C for 30 s, and a final elongation step at 72 °C for 5 min. PCR products were purified by using Agencout AMPure XP magnetic beads (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA), and the Nextera Technology was used to prepare indexed libraries by the limited cycle PCR reaction.…”

“…However, due to its heterogeneous and refractory physicochemical structure, lignocellulose is not easily bioavailable for biological conversion processes. The depolymerization of the slowly biodegradable fractions of lignocelluloses can be achieved by pyrolysis, namely the heating at 350–600 °C in the absence of or with minimal oxygen, which can convert a large array of different feedstock into a vapor stream enriched in pyrolysis products (PyP: water, gas, and condensable organics) and a carbonaceous residue (char or biochar) . The main product of intermediate and fast pyrolysis is the liquid phase ( i.e.…”

“…The depolymerization of the slowly biodegradable fractions of lignocelluloses can be achieved by pyrolysis, namely the heating at 350−600 °C in the absence of or with minimal oxygen, which can convert a large array of different feedstock into a vapor stream enriched in pyrolysis products (PyP: water, gas, and condensable organics) and a carbonaceous residue (char or biochar). 1 The main product of intermediate and fast pyrolysis is the liquid phase (i.e., bio-oil, pyrolytic liquid, pyrolysis tar, etc. ), which can be easily fractionated into water-soluble (WS) (aqueous phase) and water-insoluble (organic phase) fractions.…”