Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.iii ForewordThe purpose of this techno-economic analysis is to determine the economics of converting biomass to transportation fuel components via fast pyrolysis. Every effort has been made to place this analysis on an equivalent basis with other biomass conversion technologies analyzed in separate reports by using common assumptions. The process design and parameter value choices underlying this analysis are exclusively based on public domain literature. Accordingly, the results should not be interpreted as optimal performance of mature technology, but as the most likely performance given the current state of public knowledge. Executive SummaryThe purpose of this study is to develop techno-economic models for assessment of the conversion of biomass to valuable fuel products via fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. Liquefaction of biomass by fast pyrolysis and subsequent upgrading of the resulting pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) by hydrotreating and hydrocracking-refinery processes that use hydrogen to remove impurities and break large molecules down to smaller ones-is a promising means for producing renewable transportation fuel. The upgrading process assessed in this study produces a mixture of naphtha-range (gasoline blend stock) and diesel-range (diesel blend stock) products. This study develops techno-economic models and uses them to analyze the economics of two scenarios. In one, hydrogen needed for the upgrade process is produced onsite by reforming biooil. In the other, the hydrogen is purchased from an outside source.Both scenarios are based on a fast pyrolysis plant with bio-oil upgrading using 2,000 metric tons per day (MT/day) of corn stover feedstock. Major assumptions made for this analysis match those of companion analyses for producing transportation fuel from biomass via biochemical and gasification technologies. Product value-defined as the value of the product needed for a net present value of zero with a 10% internal rate of return-is first calculated for a mature industry or n th plant and then adjusted for a pioneer plant or one of the first of its kind.The study results indicate that petroleum fractions in the naphtha distillation range and in the diesel distillation range are produced from corn stover at a product value of $3.09/gal ($0.82/liter) with onsite hydrogen production or $2.11/gal ($0.56/liter) with hydrogen purchase. These values correspond to a $0.83/gal ($0.21/liter) cost to produce the bio-oil. Based on these n th plant numbers, product value for a pioneer hydrogen-producing plant is about $6.55/gal ($1.73/liter) and for a pioneer hydrogen-purchasing plant is about $3.41/ gal ($0.92/liter). Although these results suggest that pyrolysis-derived biofuels are competitive with other alternative fuels, the technology is relatively immature, resulting in a high level of uncertainty in these estimates.Capital costs for integrated hydrogen production are estimated at $287 million with a fuel yield of 35...
Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste.iii ForewordThe purpose of this techno-economic analysis is to determine the economics of converting biomass to transportation fuel components via fast pyrolysis. Every effort has been made to place this analysis on an equivalent basis with other biomass conversion technologies analyzed in separate reports by using common assumptions. The process design and parameter value choices underlying this analysis are exclusively based on public domain literature. Accordingly, the results should not be interpreted as optimal performance of mature technology, but as the most likely performance given the current state of public knowledge. Executive SummaryThe purpose of this study is to develop techno-economic models for assessment of the conversion of biomass to valuable fuel products via fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. Liquefaction of biomass by fast pyrolysis and subsequent upgrading of the resulting pyrolysis oil (bio-oil) by hydrotreating and hydrocracking-refinery processes that use hydrogen to remove impurities and break large molecules down to smaller ones-is a promising means for producing renewable transportation fuel. The upgrading process assessed in this study produces a mixture of naphtha-range (gasoline blend stock) and diesel-range (diesel blend stock) products. This study develops techno-economic models and uses them to analyze the economics of two scenarios. In one, hydrogen needed for the upgrade process is produced onsite by reforming biooil. In the other, the hydrogen is purchased from an outside source.Both scenarios are based on a fast pyrolysis plant with bio-oil upgrading using 2,000 metric tons per day (MT/day) of corn stover feedstock. Major assumptions made for this analysis match those of companion analyses for producing transportation fuel from biomass via biochemical and gasification technologies. Product value-defined as the value of the product needed for a net present value of zero with a 10% internal rate of return-is first calculated for a mature industry or n th plant and then adjusted for a pioneer plant or one of the first of its kind.The study results indicate that petroleum fractions in the naphtha distillation range and in the diesel distillation range are produced from corn stover at a product value of $3.09/gal ($0.82/liter) with onsite hydrogen production or $2.11/gal ($0.56/liter) with hydrogen purchase. These values correspond to a $0.83/gal ($0.21/liter) cost to produce the bio-oil. Based on these n th plant numbers, product value for a pioneer hydrogen-producing plant is about $6.55/gal ($1.73/liter) and for a pioneer hydrogen-purchasing plant is about $3.41/ gal ($0.92/liter). Although these results suggest that pyrolysis-derived biofuels are competitive with other alternative fuels, the technology is relatively immature, resulting in a high level of uncertainty in these estimates.Capital costs for integrated hydrogen production are estimated at $287 million with a fuel yield of 35...
Less than 10% of the plastics generated globally are recycled, while the rest are incinerated, accumulated in landfills, or leach into the environment. New technologies are emerging to chemically recycle...
This paper explores the factors that infl uence the optimal size of biorefi neries and the resulting unit cost of biofuels produced by them. Technologies examined include dry grind corn to ethanol, lignocellulosic ethanol via enzymatic hydrolysis, gasifi cation and upgrading to hydrogen, methanol, and Fischer Tropsch liquids, gasifi cation of lignocellulosic biomass to mixed alcohols, and fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil. On the basis of gallons of gasoline equivalent (gge) capacity, optimally sized gasifi cation-to-biofuels plants were found to be 50-100% larger than biochemical cellulosic ethanol plants. Biorefi neries converting lignocellulosic biomass into transportation fuels were found to be optimally sized in the range of 240-486 million gge per year compared to 79 million gge per year for a grain ethanol plant. Among the biofuel options, ethanol, whether produced biochemically or thermochemically, is the most expensive to produce. Lignocellulosic biorefi neries will require 4.7-7.8 million tons of biomass annually compared to 1.2 million tons of corn grain for a grain ethanol plant. Factors that could reduce the optimal size of lignocellulosic biorefi neries are discussed.
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