Correlation of Load-Bearing Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members and Velocity Changes of Coda Waves

Clauß, Felix; Epple, Niklas; Ahrens, Alexander; Niederleithinger, Ernst; Mark, Peter

doi:10.3390/ma15030738

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Then, structural analysis is performed. The required steel reinforcement is then calculated to enhance the mechanical performance of structural elements such as ductility, tensile strength, and creep resistance [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Finally, the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state requirements provided by design codes are checked [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Materials in Construction

2022

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The structural design process is iterative and involves many design parameters. Thus, this paper presents a controlled framework for selecting the adequate structural floor system for reinforced concrete buildings and efficiently utilizing the corresponding construction materials. Optimization was performed using an evolutionary algorithm to minimize the total construction cost, considering the costs of concrete, steel reinforcement, formwork, and labor. In the problem formulation, the characteristic compressive strength of concrete was treated as a design variable because it affects the mechanical performance of concrete. The design variables included the column spacings, concrete dimensions, and steel reinforcement of different structural components. The constraints reflected the Egyptian code of practice provisions. Because the choice of the structural floor system affects the design details, three systems were considered: solid slabs, flat slabs with drop panels, and flat slabs without drop panels. Two benchmark examples were presented, and the optimal design results of the structural floor systems were compared. The solid slab system had the lowest construction cost among the three structural floor systems. Comparative diagrams were developed to investigate the distribution of construction costs of each floor system. The results revealed that an adequate choice of design variables could save up to 17% of the building’s total construction cost.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Materials in Construction

2022

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“…In these systems, the connection of columns and girders is made at the so-called points of zero moments, which favorably affects the behavior of frame systems under seismic impacts. Negative factors in the massive use of these systems are the complexity of the implementation of tooling, and reinforcement products, the complexity of transportation of prefabricated products, and a significant decrease in the level of unification [12].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and practice of optimal structural design and selection of structural systems

et al. 2023

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The article describes the analysis of the optimal structural design and selection of structural systems and analyzes the technical and economic indicators of various design solutions. An important step in solving the design optimization problem is the correct choice of the optimality indicator. In the works included in the review, various optimality criteria are adopted. For example, the criterion for the minimum weight is justified when the structure's material is homogeneous. The issues of choosing a quality criterion when optimizing the design of a structure for minimum weight are also given a place. Comparing various recalculation methods while minimizing the weight of a structure under conditions of permissible stresses and displacements in certain load cases, the work looks at a nonlinear programming method and algorithms based on optimality criteria and a "mixed method" based on combining recalculation and nonlinear programming methods. In modern conditions, the restructuring and reorientation of the economy of the Republic, when the need arises for structures that allow placing medium and small enterprises, and in areas with the minimum level of employment, the problem arises of choosing a certain constructive solution that allows the construction of facilities with minimal labor costs, cost, the earliest possible payback and while ensuring seismic resistance. In this regard, various design solutions' technical and economic indicators are analyzed.

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“…This long tail of the measurement is called Coda. Although the origin of Coda wave-based methods is found in the field of seismology, the analysis of such waves by Coda Wave Interferometry has been applied to monitoring of solids in recent decades (see e.g., [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]). Using CWI methods, evaluation of consecutive ultrasound measurements enables detecting weak changes to the signal.…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, CWI methods take advantage of the accumulation of weak changes over a great number of wave paths between a sender-receiver pair that are caused by the heterogeneities. Multiple methods for CWI analysis have been proposed in recent decades [ 12 , 14 , 15 ], all based on the calculation of the signal correlation coefficient (

). This coefficient determines the similarity of a reference signal

in comparison to a signal recorded after a perturbation in the material

.…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of External Mechanical Loads on Coda Waves in Concrete

et al. 2022

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During their life span, concrete structures interact with many kinds of external mechanical loads. Most of these loads are considered in advance and result in reversible deformations. Nevertheless, some of the loads cause irreversible, sometimes unnoticed changes below the macroscopic scale depending on the type and dimension of the impact. As the functionality of concrete structures is often relevant to safety and society, their condition must be known and, therefore, assessed on a regular basis. Out of the spectrum of non-destructive monitoring methods, Coda Wave Interferometry using embedded ultrasonic sensors is one particularly sensitive technique to evaluate changes to heterogeneous media. However, there are various influences on Coda waves in concrete, and the interpretation of their superimposed effect is ambiguous. In this study, we quantify the relations of uniaxial compression and uniaxial tension on Coda waves propagating in normal concrete. We found that both the signal correlation of ultrasonic signals as well as their velocity variation directly reflect the stress change in concrete structures in a laboratory environment. For the linear elastic range up to 30% of the strength, we calculated a velocity variation of −0.97‰/MPa for compression and 0.33%/MPa for tension using linear regression. In addition, these parameters revealed even weak irreversible changes after removal of the load. Furthermore, we show the time-dependent effects of shrinkage and creep on Coda waves by providing the development of the signal parameters over time during half a year together with creep recovery. Our observations showed that time-dependent material changes must be taken into account for any comparison of ultrasonic signals that are far apart in time. The study’s results demonstrate how Coda Wave Interferometry is capable of monitoring stress changes and detecting even small-size microstructural changes. By indicating the stated relations and their separation from further impacts, e.g., temperature and moisture, we anticipate our study to contribute to the qualification of Coda Wave Interferometry for its application as an early-warning system for concrete structures.

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Correlation of Load-Bearing Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members and Velocity Changes of Coda Waves

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Materials in Construction

Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Materials in Construction

Review and practice of optimal structural design and selection of structural systems

Impact of External Mechanical Loads on Coda Waves in Concrete

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