Correlation Between Dietary Fat Intake and Atherogenic Indices in Normal, Overweight and Obese Adults with or Without Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Background and aims: We investigated the association of dietary intake, particularly fat and its constituent fatty acids, with atherogenic indices in adult patients with overweight, obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Material and Methods: Two hundred eighty-five outpatients were selected in two cities located in the Northwestern region of Algeria. Anthropometric measurements for body weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were performed. Relationships between dietary intakes, estimated by a 3- days food record, and fasting blood atherogenic indices - total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-c) and apolipoprotein (apo) B-to-apo A1 ratio, were analysed. Results: Study group included 58.59% overweight/obese T2D patients, 24.91% normal weight T2D patients and 16.49 % overweight/obese patients without diabetes. Higher dietary consumption (p= 0.003) of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), was recorded in the group of overweight/obese T2D patients. Significant positive correlations were observed between apo B/apo A1 and total fat (p= 0.035), total SFAs (p= 0.042) and palmitic acid (p= 0.042) in the group of overweight/obese T2D patients and with ω6 fatty acid (p= 0.030) in the group of overweight/obese patients without diabetes. In the two groups of T2D patients, whether normal weight, overweight/obese, numerous positive correlations with TC/HDL-c were disclosed for PUFAs, ω6 and fatty acids ratios, namely, ω6/ω3, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)/SFAs and (MUFAs+PUFAs)/SFAs. Conclusion: Most adults, whom are either affected by an excess weight or T2D or both together, are prone to cardiovascular risk. Dietary intakes, particularly in fat and its constituent fatty acids, have an important effect on blood lipid atherogenic indices (TC/HDL-c and apo B/apo A1 ratios).

Dietary fat quantity and quality in relation to general and abdominal obesity in women: a cross-sectional study from Ghana

“…In a previous study in French adults, low dietary PUFAs to SFAs ratio was found to accentuate the risk of being generally and abdominally obese [12]. In Africa, a prospective study found higher intake of unsaturated fatty acids to SFAs ratio and ∑ω-6/∑ω-3 ratio in normal weight compared with overweight/obese individuals with and without T2DM [18]. A major limitation in the African study was that the effect of dietary energy was not accounted for in the analysis [18], which could seriously confound the results [28,29].…”

“…In Africa, a prospective study found higher intake of unsaturated fatty acids to SFAs ratio and ∑ω-6/∑ω-3 ratio in normal weight compared with overweight/obese individuals with and without T2DM [18]. A major limitation in the African study was that the effect of dietary energy was not accounted for in the analysis [18], which could seriously confound the results [28,29]. However, in Danish cohort, Lund et al [19] did not find a significant association between ∑ω-3/∑ω-6 ratio with waist circumference and body mass index.…”

“…Although genetic factors play a role in the development of obesity [12,13], the contributions of both total dietary fat [14,15] intake and fat types [12,13] have been suggested. However, the relationship between dietary fats and obesity is debatable [12,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Specifically, positive [14,15] and inverse [16] associations have been reported between total fat intake and obesity.…”

“…Moreover, previous studies suggested both positive [12,14] and inverse [17] associations between dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) intake and weight gain. Furthermore, both positive [13,14] and negative [18] relationships between monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) intake and the chance of obesity have been found. Additionally, inverse [19,20], null [14,21] and positive [14] associations have been reported between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption and the chance of obesity.…”

Factors influencing atherogenic indices in type 2 diabetic women in northwestern Algeria

“…14 However, this ratio is not stable, it is modified by several factors including BMI, food intake and the time of blood sampling. 15 Despite that the BMI is a good indicator of body fat degree, it however does not capture body fat distribution, which the waist circumference dose. Intriguingly, the apo B/apo A1 ratio was more likely to be associated with abdominal obesity, poor glycaemic control and LDL level.…”