What happens when a gender requirement is introduced into a Norwegian innovation policy programme? We apply a critical theoretical and methodological approach using the concept of articulation to analyse how meanings of gender are constructed, and how power struggles are part of it. Taking a multilevel approach and using multiple data sources, we examine articulations at the national, regional, and project levels. We find that gender articulations are in line with hegemonic conceptualisations of gender as a variable and as a nonissue to innovation but also detect attempts to challenge the dominant understanding of gender. Demands 'from above' have an effect at all levels as the threat of negative reactions encourages a certain self-disciplining, but the demands do not ensure an integration of a gender perspective in the policy programme. We suggest that, when seeking to integrate gender perspectives in policy programmes, the rationale needs to be clear and understood at all programme levels.
IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the introduetion of a gender perspective in an innovation policy programme. The meaning of gender is contested and open to interpretation by poliey makers and practitioners. Despite its signifieanee as an organising principle in education, the labour market, and in soeial proeesses (Rees, 2000), gender is often interpreted in multiple and sometimes contradictory ways by different stakeholders in development processes and policy initiatives (Ferguson, 2010). Poliey programmes play an important role in distributing power and influence in a society, but a lack of clear guidelines regarding the meaning of the concept of gender ean lead to conftasion and contradiction in terms of the development, design, and implementation of gender perspective in policy work (Ferguson, 2010). That is, unclear meanings associated with the concept undermine the gender-equality contribution the programme can provide. Furthen-nore, researchers elaim that genderequality efforts based on gender researeh are more effeetive and sustainable than those that are not (Fürst Hörte, 2009), but that poliey practitioners often demand easy-to-use practical tools when implementing gender into programmes (Warren, 2005).In order to leam about gender perspective implementation, we examine how gender is constructed in the implementation proeess. While poliey implementation theory and literature in general are certainly eentral to understanding implementation proeesses of a specific policy, we primarily seek to understand the implementation of a gender perspeetive that take plaee as part of a particular policy programme. With this objective in mind, we apply a eritical theoretical and methodological approach, which specifically allows for addressing how power functions in diseourse. In partieular, we use the concept of articulations to