Copolymerization of Styrene and Cardanol from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid. Part I – Kinetic Modeling of Bulk Copolymerizations

Abstract

The present manuscript investigates the bulk copolymerization of styrene and cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid. A kinetic mechanism is proposed and a mathematical model is derived. The model parameters are estimated in order to allow for appropriate description of monomer conversions, average molecular weights, and copolymer compositions of the produced copolymer. It is shown that cardanol exerts strong inhibitory effects on styrene polymerization, making incorporation of cardanol into the copolymer chains through homogeneous polymerizations challenging.

Polymerization strategies to produce new polymer biocatalysts for the biodiesel industry

“…The internal (and less reactive) double bonds of cardanol chains probably captured the free radical needed to initiate the polymerization, inhibiting the reaction. 31 Figure 1b illustrates the reaction kinetics of polymerizations based on MMA copolymers. It can be observed that the addition of DVB also caused a significant increase in the reaction rate and that cardanol inhibited the polymerization reaction once more.…”

Ring‐opening (co)polymerization of cardanol glycidyl ether

“…15 Unmodified cardanol was directly used as a comonomer in the radical suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate or styrene, however the poor reactivity of the alkyl chain unsaturations limited its incorporation in the final copolymer. 16,17 Linear poly(cardanol) was also obtained from unmodified cardanol using a Friedel-Crafts alkylation polymerization mechanism. 18 Cardanyl acrylate was polymerized in solution using free radical polymerization [19][20][21] or controlled ATRP.…”

“…Polymers with favorable mechanical properties were prepared by reacting allyl‐containing cardanol derivatives with bismaleimide compounds by addition copolymerization 15 . Unmodified cardanol was directly used as a comonomer in the radical suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate or styrene, however the poor reactivity of the alkyl chain unsaturations limited its incorporation in the final copolymer 16,17 . Linear poly(cardanol) was also obtained from unmodified cardanol using a Friedel‐Crafts alkylation polymerization mechanism 18 .…”