“…Sungur and Tekkaya (2006) found that, when comparing two large groups of students who either received traditional lecture instruction or who engaged in problem-based learning (PBL), PBL students had higher levels of intrinsic goal orientation, task value, use of learning strategies, critical thinking, metacognitive self-regulation, effort regulation, and peer learning. PBL and other cooperative, collaborative, and active learning has also been found to increase academic achievement; improve students' attitudes towards each other; increase self-esteem, self-direction, and role taking abilities; improve students' sense of responsibility for their own learning and teach students the skills necessary for life-long learning (Griffith, 1990). These same benefits may not be developed in a lecture-based course.…”