Conversion of titania (TiO₂) into conductive titanium (Ti) nanotube arrays for combined drug-delivery and electrical stimulation therapy

Abstract

The conversion of titania (TiO2) nanotubes into titanium (Ti), while preserving their nanotubular structures is demonstrated for proposed application as bone implants and electrodes for combined local drug delivery and electrical stimulation therapy.

Towards Clinical Translation: Optimized Fabrication of Controlled Nanostructures on Implant-Relevant Curved Zirconium Surfaces

“…We have previously reported similar cracks on TiO 2 films formed on anodized Ti wire [32]. Briefly, these instabilities of the anodic layer could be attributed to the electric field concentrations at the topographical peaks of the substrate-which, in this case, is an irregular micro-rough curved surface [29,30]. The surface heterogeneity (micro-roughness) upon EA can also result in thicker oxide at the convex part and thinner oxide at the concave part [33].…”

“…It is noteworthy that these surface inconsistencies do not compromise the mechanical stability of the nano-engineered surface and can be used to accommodate drugs or enhance cellular adhesion [34]. Further, we have also explored strategies, including electrolyte ageing and surface polishing, to reduce anodic layer cracks [30].…”

“…Prior to EA, as-received Zr wires were cut into 10 cm lengths and sonicated in ethanol to remove any surface contaminants. EA was carried out in a custom-designed twoelectrode electrochemical cell at room temperature using a DC power source (Keithley, Cleveland, OH, USA) with the current precisely monitored [29,30]. EA was performed using as-received Zr wire as the anode (5 mm exposed in the electrolyte) and non-targeted Zr wire as a cathode in an electrolyte with 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 0.5 wt% NH 4 F. Anodization was performed at 20-100 V for 10-120 min, with current vs. time precisely recorded (Power Supply App, Keithley KickStart Software, Solon, OH, USA).…”

The Trends of TiZr Alloy Research as a Viable Alternative for Ti and Ti16 Zr Roxolid Dental Implants

“…The main advantages of these nanostructures is the relative ease of fabrication and the control of their characteristics (length, diameter, wall thickness, corrosion resistance, wettability, etc.) [84][85][86][87]. The main mechanisms for drug delivery are diffusion, erosion, and swelling, which can be tweaked by varying the characteristics of the nanostructures, or even controlled by applying electrical or magnetic fields, osmotic pressure, or drug convection along fluids.…”

A Facile Method with Low Hydrothermal Temperature to Synthesize TiO2 as Controlled Release Drug Delivery

“…Therefore, the application of anatase mainly focus on photocatalysis while for rutile mainly focus on white pigments . Little attention is paid to investigate the drug loading capacity of TiO 2 either anatase or rutile . Q. Wang et al have fully described the titania nanotube as promising materials for localized drug delivery implants due to its good physical stability and bio‐compatibility, low toxicity, and large surface area, which is beneficial to load large doses of drug .…”