A Facile Method with Low Hydrothermal Temperature to Synthesize TiO₂ as Controlled Release Drug Delivery

Abstract

Titania is obtained by taking titanium oxysulfate sulfuric acid complex hydrate as Ti source with a simple, energy saving process. The effect of hydrothermal time and temperature on morphology is investigated. The particle size and morphology are analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, the effect of tetracycline/TiO 2 ratio on drug loading capacity and encapsulation rate are studied. Zero-order kinetics, first-order kinetic, and Higuichi kinetic models are employed to investigate the drug release kinetics. The morphology of as-prepared TiO 2 treated with hydrothermal temperature of 120 C for 0.5 h is most regular, presents microsphere shape which is composed of small particles with size of 19.36 nm and shows high drug loading capacity (32.25 AE 0.46%) and high encapsulation rate (47.63 AE 1.41%) due to the large specific surface area of 91.0629 m 2 g À1 , and it fits well with Higuichi equation with the correlation coefficients of 0.96981, illustrating that TiO 2 has sustained release function. Therefore, this paper provides a convenient route to prepare TiO 2 with good performance.

Recent advancements in two‐dimensional nanomaterials for drug delivery

“…LDHs consist of hydroxide host layers and interlayer anions, with the general formula of [M 2+ 1− x M 3+ x (OH) 2 ](A n − ) x / n · m H 2 O (Gao & Yan, ; D. Liu, Lin, Tang, Deng, & Bi, ; Z. Liu, Lin, Zhao, et al, ; C. Liu, Qin, et al, ; W. Liu, Xu, et al, ; Shao et al, ; Tian et al, ; Q. Wang & O'Hare, ). Notably, LDHs nanosheets can be taken up by specific types of cancer cells via clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, thus leading to the resistance to endosomal effects with buffering properties (G. Choi et al, ).…”

“…For example, g‐C 3 N 4 nanosheets have been developed as drug delivery response to pH for effective cancer therapy (S. Liu et al, ). In another recent study, it has been reported that g‐C 3 N 4 nanosheets exhibit high drug loading capacity towards DOX (D. Liu, Lin, Tang, et al, ; Z. Liu, Lin, Zhao, et al, ; C. Liu, Qin, et al, ; W. Liu, Xu, et al, ). Interestingly, because of the excellent fluorescence imaging ability of g‐C 3 N 4 nanosheets, the drug delivery process can be directly visualized for potential diagnostic purpose (Figure a).…”

“…Chen and coworkers prepared mesopore‐coated 2D Nb 2 C MXenes, which exhibited an excellent photothermal conversion of 28.6% in the 1,064 nm near infrared (NIR)‐II biowindow for enhanced PTT. In another work, Liu and coworkers demonstrated the surface functionalization of superparamagnetic iron oxide on Ta 4 C 3 (D. Liu, Lin, Tang, et al, ; Z. Liu, Lin, Zhao, et al, ; C. Liu, Qin, et al, ; W. Liu, Xu, et al, ). This MXene nanosystem was reported to have great MRI guided PTT for breast‐cancer therapy.…”

“…(a) Morphology and fluorescence imaging ability of g‐C 3 N 4 nanosheets. (Reprinted with permission from D. Liu, Lin, Tang, et al (); Z. Liu, Lin, Zhao, et al (); C. Liu, Qin, et al (); W. Liu, Xu, et al (). Copyright 2018 Wiley VCH).…”

“…I G U R E 8 (a) Morphology and fluorescence imaging ability of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. (Reprinted with permission from D Liu, Lin, Tang, et al (2018b)Liu, Lin, Zhao, et al (2018d)…”