Control of the toxic plantColchicum autumnalein semi‐natural grasslands: effects of cutting treatments on demography and diversity

Abstract

Summary1. Semi-natural grasslands are important habitats for the conservation of biodiversity in Europe. High population densities of toxic Colchicum autumnale in these grasslands may cause problems for livestock and the marketing of hay. Consequently, farmers may either intensify grassland management to reduce C. autumnale in the fodder or abandon the land; both practices will lead to a loss of biodiversity. Previous studies suggesting early cutting to control C. autumnale did not consider population dynamics and the effects on plant diversity. 2. We conducted a four-year experiment in six regions within Austria and Germany, applying five cutting treatments in 16 C. autumnale populations to test the effects of cutting date and frequency on C. autumnale and co-occurring vegetation. Demographic data were evaluated with matrix population models, life-table response experiment (LTRE), ANOVA and MANOVA. Vegetation data were analysed with multiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP), ANOVA and MANOVA. 3. Population growth rate was significantly reduced in plots cut in early and late May compared to plots cut in June (control). 4. Plants cut in late April or early May showed the lowest survival probability. Significantly fewer large vegetative plants developed capsules in the following year when cut in early or late May. LTRE analysis showed that differences in the population growth rate between the control and early cut treatments were mainly the result of a reduced survival and growth and an increased retrogression to smaller stages. 5. Multiresponse permutation procedures revealed no differences in vegetation composition between treatments except for one site in 2011. There were no differences in Shannon index, evenness or species turnover rate within any year. 6. Synthesis and applications. The greatest reduction in vitality of Colchicum autumnale was observed in grasslands cut in late April or early May. After three years of early cutting, no reduction in plant species diversity was observed. The second cut should be postponed to July to enable seed shed of plants. Grassland management decisions to control toxic C. autumnale must be made in close cooperation with nature conservation authorities to consider site characteristics and requirements of endangered species.

Controlling the abundance of a native invasive plant does not affect species richness or functional diversity of wet grasslands

“…Adaptation of mowing strategies was also found to reduce abundance and fecundity of native invaders (Winter et al, 2014;Bassler et al, 2016;Krieger et al, 2022). Nevertheless, such management practices may, apart from the desired suppression of the native invader, also negatively affect different aspects of community structure, such as species composition, evenness and richness (Chapin III et al, 2000).…”

“…Examples from Central Europe are Pteridium aquilinum (common bracken), Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), and Senecio or Jacobaea sp. (ragworts), the latter containing toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Stewart et al, 2008; Winter et al, 2014; Suttner et al, 2016). The rapid spread of such native species threatens resident communities through altered competition, leading to reduction or even local extinction of rare native species (Carey et al, 2012; Nackley et al, 2017).…”

“…Management methods suitable to put the above‐mentioned concepts into practice include different cutting intensities, delay of the first mowing event (Humbert et al, 2012), modified fertilization strategies (Oelmann et al, 2009), and re‐seeding of vegetation gaps. Adaptation of mowing strategies was also found to reduce abundance and fecundity of native invaders (Winter et al, 2014; Bassler et al, 2016; Krieger et al, 2022). Nevertheless, such management practices may, apart from the desired suppression of the native invader, also negatively affect different aspects of community structure, such as species composition, evenness and richness (Chapin III et al, 2000).…”

Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe

“…Death, after several days, occurs from cardiorespiratory collapse [ 3 ]. Recently, meadow saffron has reached critical population densities in grasslands of some Central European regions, increasingly becoming a problem [ 36 , 37 ]. Cases of meadow saffron poisoning involving cattle and horses have been reported in Switzerland [ 35 ] and Germany [ 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Interaction between root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms facilitates the expansion of poisonous plant species in degraded grassland

“…The exudate is linked with plant diversity and soil microorganisms [20], as exudate of some species, such as poisonous plants or weeds (e.g. Stellera chamaejasme, Colchicum autumnale) can affect other plant species [11,21,22,23,24].…”