Control of muscle regeneration in the<i>Xenopus</i>tadpole tail by Pax7

Chen, Ying; Lin, Gufa; Slack, Jonathan

doi:10.1242/dev.02397

Cited by 115 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…Further investigation showed that regenerated tail muscle does not originate from the myofibers, but from a population of stem like satellite cells that express pax7. These cells are present in the later stage grafts but not in the early stage grafts and are necessary for muscle regeneration in the Xenopus tadpole tail Chen et al, 2006b). While the mechanisms of muscle regeneration (by means of stem cell recruitment) and that of the spinal cord and notochord (hyperplasia) differ, an important observation from these results is that there is no transdifferentiation (a type of metaplasia, or switching of cell fates) between the three axial tissues.…”

Section: Box 1: Does the Tail Regenerate Via A Blastema Or Regeneratimentioning

confidence: 86%

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Beyond early development: Xenopus as an emerging model for the study of regenerative mechanisms

Beck

Belmonte

Christen

2009

Developmental Dynamics

145

134

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While Xenopus is a well-known model system for early vertebrate development, in recent years, it has also emerged as a leading model for regeneration research. As an anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis can regenerate the larval tail and limb by means of the formation of a proliferating blastema, the lens of the eye by transdifferentiation of nearby tissues, and also exhibits a partial regeneration of the postmetamorphic froglet forelimb. With the availability of inducible transgenic techniques for Xenopus, recent experiments are beginning to address the functional role of genes in the process of regeneration. The use of soluble inhibitors has also been very successful in this model. Using the more traditional advantages of Xenopus, others are providing important lineage data on the origin of the cells that make up the tissues of the regenerate. Finally, transcriptome analyses of regenerating tissues seek to identify the genes and cellular processes that enable successful regeneration.

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Section: Box 1: Does the Tail Regenerate Via A Blastema Or Regeneratimentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In the tail, it has been shown that the transcription factor Pax7 is essential for regenerating muscle (Chen et al, 2006b). Pax7 is expressed in the muscle satellite cells where it is needed for maintenance and renewal of this cell population.…”

Section: Hgf and Pax7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond early development: Xenopus as an emerging model for the study of regenerative mechanisms

Beck

Belmonte

Christen

2009

Developmental Dynamics

145

134

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“…On the other hand, studies on Xenopus tail regeneration revealed that muscle fibres do not contribute to the blastema, indicating the absence of muscle dedifferentiation [8]. Instead, muscle satellite cells were shown to be the main contributor to the new tail muscle [8,9]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal muscle regeneration in Xenopus tadpoles and zebrafish larvae

et al. 2012

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BackgroundMammals are not able to restore lost appendages, while many amphibians are. One important question about epimorphic regeneration is related to the origin of the new tissues and whether they come from mature cells via dedifferentiation and/or from stem cells. Several studies in urodele amphibians (salamanders) indicate that, after limb or tail amputation, the multinucleated muscle fibres do dedifferentiate by fragmentation and proliferation, thereby contributing to the regenerate. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles, however, it was shown that muscle fibres do not contribute directly to the tail regenerate. We set out to study whether dedifferentiation was present during muscle regeneration of the tadpole limb and zebrafish larval tail, mainly by cell tracing and histological observations.ResultsCell tracing and histological observations indicate that zebrafish tail muscle do not dedifferentiate during regeneration. Technical limitations did not allow us to trace tadpole limb cells, nevertheless we observed no signs of dedifferentiation histologically. However, ultrastructural and gene expression analysis of regenerating muscle in tadpole tail revealed an unexpected dedifferentiation phenotype. Further histological studies showed that dedifferentiating tail fibres did not enter the cell cycle and in vivo cell tracing revealed no evidences of muscle fibre fragmentation. In addition, our results indicate that this incomplete dedifferentiation was initiated by the retraction of muscle fibres.ConclusionsOur results show that complete skeletal muscle dedifferentiation is less common than expected in lower vertebrates. In addition, the discovery of incomplete dedifferentiation in muscle fibres of the tadpole tail stresses the importance of coupling histological studies with in vivo cell tracing experiments to better understand the regenerative mechanisms.

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“…In previous experiments on limb and tail regeneration in newts and salamanders, it has been shown that the multinucleate muscle fibers can de-differentiate, giving rise to proliferating muscle precursor cells (Kumar et al, 2000;Echeverri et al, 2001). However, more recent data (Gargioli and Slack, 2004;Morrison et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2006) strongly suggest that, in amphibians (urodeles and Xenopus laevis), satellite cells activation rather than muscle fibers de-differentiation contributes to the proliferating cell progeny population during limb and tail regeneration.…”

Section: Muscle Stem Cells and Muscle Growth In Lower Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%