“…In Europe, the roots of research into IA began with the publication of Griffiths' (1995a) paper on 'technological addictions' that prompted publications on both IA (Griffiths, 1995b;1996a) and specific online addictions such as Internet gambling addiction (Griffiths, 1996b). In addition to the work of Young and Griffiths, the first empirical studies started to appear, including prevalence surveys with self-selected samples, case studies, explorations of psychosocial and psychiatric correlates of IA, and psychometric validation of instruments assessing IA (e.g., Black, Belsare & Schlosser, 1999;Brenner, 1997;Chou, 2001;Kubey, Lavin & Barrows, 2001, Lavin, Marvin, McLarney et al, 1999Leon & Rotunda, 2000;Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000;Pratarelli, Browne & Johnson, 1999;Scherer, 1997;Shapira, Goldsmith, Keck et al, 2000;Treuer, Fabian & Furedi, 2001;Tsai & Lin, 2001;Xuanhui & Gonggu, 2001). …”