“…The supernatant pH of the suspension was determined using a multiparameter water quality detector (Hach, Loveland, CO, USA) ( 25 ). Dissolved anions and cations were measured with anionic chromatography (ICS-600; Thermo Scientific, USA) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (iCAP 7600+; Thermo, USA), respectively, after filtration with 0.22-μm filters ( 47 ). The concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 gases and the carbon isotope of CO 2 ([δ 13 C]CO 2 ) of cave air samples were measured by a high-precision carbon isotope analyzer (G2201-I; Picarro, USA) using cavity decay spectroscopy (cavity ring-down spectroscopy [CRDS]) ( 5 ) at the Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.…”