Contraception and Venous Thromboembolism: Risk Factors and Clinical Considerations

Waddington, Ashley; Ferguson, Carrie; Reid, Robert L.

doi:10.4236/ojog.2017.71003

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Again, this effect can lead to either an increase or decrease in gene expression of clotting factors. It has also been reported that a higher dose of estrogen in oral contraceptives can lead to hypercoagulation disorders . All of these factor stimulations may lead to the formation of a thrombus or pulmonary embolus or preclusion of clot breakdown that could lead to stroke.…”

Section: The Bridge Between Migraine and Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been reported that a higher dose of estrogen in oral contraceptives can lead to hypercoagulation disorders. 132 All of these factor stimulations may lead to the formation of a thrombus or pulmonary embolus or preclusion of clot breakdown that could lead to stroke. As mentioned earlier, estrogen also has the ability to modulate the glutaminergic system that leads to neuronal excitability and can result in excitotoxicity.…”

Section: ■ Migrainous Infarctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migraine and Ischemic Stroke: Deciphering the Bidirectional Pathway

Raut

Singh

Sarmah

et al. 2020

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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Migraine and stroke are common, disabling neurological conditions with several theories being proposed to explain this bidirectional relationship. Migraine is considered as a benign neurological disorder, but research has revealed a connection between migraine and stroke, predominantly those having migraine with aura (MA). Among migraineurs, females with MA are more susceptible to ischemic stroke and may have a migrainous infarction. Migrainous infarction mostly occurs in the posterior circulation of young women. Although there are several theories about the potential relationship between MA and stroke, the precise pathological process of migrainous infarction is not clear. It is assumed that cortical spreading depression (CSD) might be one of the essential factors for migrainous infarction. Other factors that may contribute to migrainous infarction may be genetic, hormonal fluctuation, hypercoagulation, and right to left cardiac shunts. Antimigraine drugs, such as ergot alkaloids and triptans, are widely used in migraine care. Still, they have been found to cause severe vasoconstriction, which may result in the development of ischemia. It is reported that patients with stroke develop migraines during the recovery phase. Both experimental and clinical data suggest that cerebral microembolism can act as a potential trigger for MA. Further studies are warranted for the treatment of migraine, which may lead to a decline in migraine-related stroke. In this present article, we have outlined various potential pathways that link migraine and stroke.

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Section: The Bridge Between Migraine and Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Migrainous Infarctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migraine and Ischemic Stroke: Deciphering the Bidirectional Pathway

Raut

Singh

Sarmah

et al. 2020

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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“…Excess coagulation factor activation favors fibrin clot formation on vascular tissue [29], consequently leading to the development of thrombosis [22, 30]. Although it is possible that these results were affected by the testosterone experiment happening at the same time as ours, research has already shown that the use of hormonal contraceptives is associated with alterations in blood coagulation factors [8–10]. It is important to mention that the platelet number remained high until the fourth menstrual cycle of the CHC phase, but the values decreased during the fifth cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, despite the benefits, some side effects of the contraceptives can pose a serious threat to the users' health [ 8 ]. For example, an increase in susceptibility has been noticed for strokes (AVC) [ 8 , 9 ], heart disease [ 10 ], pulmonary embolism [ 11 ], and breast tumors [ 12 ]. The side effects of contraceptives are especially concerning when considering their effects on blood coagulation factors, since many studies directly associate the use of hormonal contraceptives with an increase in thrombosis risk [ 8 – 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, an increase in susceptibility has been noticed for strokes (AVC) [ 8 , 9 ], heart disease [ 10 ], pulmonary embolism [ 11 ], and breast tumors [ 12 ]. The side effects of contraceptives are especially concerning when considering their effects on blood coagulation factors, since many studies directly associate the use of hormonal contraceptives with an increase in thrombosis risk [ 8 – 10 ]. Thus, it is of paramount importance to conduct studies that focus on these side effects and in how hormonal contraceptives affect female physiological integrity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Use of Combined Hormonal Contraceptive and the Effect on Blood Coagulation Factors in Female Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)

Rodrigues

Belham

García

et al. 2019

International Journal of Endocrinology

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This study aimed at evaluating the availability of the primate Sapajus libidinosus as an animal model for research assessing the physiological effects of the continuous use of combined hormonal contraceptives. In order to do this, six reproductively active female S. libidinosus from the Primate Research Center of the University of Brasília were selected to take part in this experiment. Every 21 days or so, each female received a single dose of combined hormonal contraceptive (algestone acetophenide and 17-enanthate estradiol) in a total of five doses throughout the experiment. The physiological parameters were accessed by means of 13 blood samples from each female, whereas three were gathered during the baseline and 10 samples were collected during the treatment phase. The results showed that the contraceptive use provoked changes in hematological coagulation factors such as an increase in the amount of platelets (p=0.039) and a reduction in both prothrombin (p<0.001) and thromboplastin coagulation time (p<0.001). These results are similar to what has been observed in human patients; thus, it is concluded that S. libidinosus can be successfully used in studies about the physiological impact of hormonal contraceptives.

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Determinants of preterm birth among mothers who gave birth in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis

Laelago¹,

Yohannes

Tsige

2020

Ital J Pediatr

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Background: Preterm birth (PTB) can be caused by different factors. The factors can be classified into different categories: socio demographic, obstetric, reproductive health, medical, behavioral and nutritional related. The objective of this review was identifying determinants of PTB among mothers who gave birth in East African countries. Methods: We have searched the following electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed, Google scholar, Cochrane library, AJOL (African journal online). Cross sectional, case control and cohort study published in English were included. There was no restriction on publication period. Studies with no abstracts and or full texts, editorials, and qualitative in design were excluded. Funnel plot was used to check publication bias. I-squared statistic was used to check heterogeneity. Pooled analysis was done by using fixed and random effect model. The Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Tools for review and meta-analysis was used to check the study quality. Results: A total of 58 studies with 134,801 participants were used to identify determinants of PTB. On pooled analysis, PTB was associated with age < 20 years (AOR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.33-2.32), birth interval less than 24 months (AOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.57-2.62), multiple pregnancy (AOR 3.44,95% CI: 3.02-3.91), < 4 antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR 5.52, 95%

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Contraception and Venous Thromboembolism: Risk Factors and Clinical Considerations

Cited by 3 publications

References 76 publications

Migraine and Ischemic Stroke: Deciphering the Bidirectional Pathway

Migraine and Ischemic Stroke: Deciphering the Bidirectional Pathway

Continuous Use of Combined Hormonal Contraceptive and the Effect on Blood Coagulation Factors in Female Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)

Determinants of preterm birth among mothers who gave birth in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis

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