Context and repetition effects in lexical decision and recognition memory

Carroll, Marie; Kirsner, Kim

doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(82)90445-5

Cited by 109 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…In addition, Ratcliff (1979, 1986) and Goshen-Gottstein and Moscovitch (1995) investigated facilitations in making lexical decisions for words that have been viewed previously in the context of prime words. Greater priming is found when words are presented in the same context than in a different context, as before (but see also Bainbridge, Lewandowsky, & Kirsner, 1993;Carroll & Kirsner, 1982;Dagenbach, Horst, & Carr, 1990;Neely & Durgunoglu, 1985;Durgunoglu & Neely, 1987;Smith, MacLeod, Bain, & Hoppe, 1989). Depending on the particular strategies and information storage that result when different methodologies are used, new-associations priming may rely on storage of information in various subsystems.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Form-specific visual priming for new associations in the right cerebral hemisphere

1996

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In three experiments, we examined the internal processing mechanisms of relatively independent visual-form subsystems. Participants first viewed centrally presented word pairs and then completed word stems presented beneath context words in the left or right visual field. Letter-case-specific priming in stem completion was found only when the context word was the same word that had previously appeared above the primed completion word and the items were presented directly to the right cerebral hemisphere. This pattern of results was not found when participants deliberately recollected previously presented words when completing the stems. Results suggest that holistic processing, not parts-based processing as assumed in many contemporary theories of visual-form recognition, is performed in a subsystem that distinguishes specific instances in the same abstract category of form and that operates more effectively in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere.The ability to distinguish specific instances in the same abstract category of visual form is an important human faculty. One can differentiate a particular cup from other cups as well as an individual's signature from other written versions of the same set ofletters. An interesting aspect of this ability is that most theories of visual-form recognition, aside from theories that address only face recognition (e.g., Bruce & Young, 1986;Rhodes, 1985), do not focus on how it is accomplished. Most theories focus instead on the ability to distinguish different abstract types of visual forms (e.g., Biederman, 1987;Morton, 1979). Of course, the latter ability is also important and interesting. One can distinguish a cup from a pen, as well as the word form "cup" from the word form "pen," even when the input is an instance that has not been seen before. In the research reported in this article, we tested whether at least relatively independent processing subsystems support the two abilities. More importantly, we examined form-specific priming for novel holistic structures to test whether holistic processing, as opposed to parts-based processing of the sort assumed in many contemporary theories of visual form recognition (e.g., Biederman, 1987;Morton, 1979), characterizes the operations in a subsystem that distinguishes specific instances in an abstract category of form. VISUAL-FORM SUBSYSTEMSWe hypothesize that a specific visual-form (SVF) subsystem underlies recognition of specific instances of forms and operates more effectively in the right cerebral hemisphere (RH) than in the left cerebral hemisphere (LH). In contrast, an abstract visual-form (AVF) subsystem supports recognition of abstract categories of forms and operates more effectively in the LH than in the RH. These subsystems likely focus on different properties of visual-form inputs to achieve different goals. SVF SubsystemIn order to produce different outputs when different instances in the same abstract category appear as inputs, an SVF subsystem must process a form's visually distinctive information ef...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Form-specific visual priming for new associations in the right cerebral hemisphere

1996

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“…Whereas an earlier review by Monsell (1985) cited only one study on context effects in repetition priming (Carroll & Kirsner, 1982), today's list includes numerous experiments in a variety of paradigms. The catalogue of empirical findings has thus been extended considerably, but the observed effects, often tied to a specific method (e.g., stem completion; Graf & Schacter, 1987) or class of stimuli (e.g., homographs; Masson & Freedman, 1990), have so far failed to form a fully coherent picture.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Experiments using lexical decision or other more datadriven tasks, in contrast, have produced a more diverse pattern. A useful taxonomy of these studies distinguishes between the different ways in which context was manipulated: Some experiments provided context at study, but not at test, and reported no differential effects of context (see, e.g., Jacoby, 1983), whereas others used single words to manipulate context and obtained rather mixed outcomes (see, e.g., Carroll & Kirsner, 1982;Masson & Freedman, 1990). We argue that there may be methodological reasons for preferring the latter class of studies and that the remaining empirical discrepancies can be resolved by using a more extensive and concise manipulation of context.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Turning to studies that provided contextualcues at study and test, Carroll and Kirsner (1982) defined context as the co-occurrence of two words in a pair and showed that repetition of context can facilitate lexical decision over and above mere repetition of the stimulus words, provided that the items in repeated pairs were preexperimentally associated. When the items in a pair were not preexperimentally related, in contrast, repetition of the intact pair provided no more priming than when the items were rearranged across different pairs.…”

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Context effects in repetition priming are sense effects

1993

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This article reports three experiments that investigate the role of context in repetition priming using a lexical decision task. The experiments show that repetition priming is either eliminated or significantly reduced if a change in context also alters the perceived sense of a nonhomographic target word. If perceived sense is not altered, a change in context is inconsequential. This points to the important role played by perceived sense in repetition priming. An explanation within a sense-specific activation framework is proposed in preference to a modified processing view.

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“…However, it has become clear in recent years that effects of memory can also be observed through changes in performance on identification or production tasks involving previously studied stimuli, without the explicit retrieval of these stimuli being necessary. For example, when the initial event is the reading or the hearing of verbal items, subsequent modification in the processing of these items has been reported for reading performance (Moscovitch, Winocur, & McLachlan, 1986), lexical decision (Carroll & Kirsner, 1982), verbal association (Cofer, 1967), homophone spelling (Eich, 1984), anagram solution (Dominowski & Ekstrand, 1967), tachistoscopic identification (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981), identification in a perceptual clarification procedure (Feustel, Shiffrin, & Salasoo, 1983), and word completion (Tulving, Schachter, & Stark, 1982). Following Graf and Schachter (1985), the term implicit memory will be used here to designate the form of memory underlying such effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Correlational analyses of explicit and implicit memory performance

Perruchet

Baveux

1989

Memory & Cognition

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Sixty-four subjects were administered two tests of explicit memory (selective recall and recognition) and four tests of implicit memory (identification in a perceptual clarification procedure, word-fragment completion, tachistoscopic identification, and anagram solution). Each test drew on a different subset of a long list of previously displayed words. Although the four implicit memory tests showed sizable priming effects, correlational and factor analyses showed striking dissociations. On the one hand, performance on the perceptual clarification procedure and word-completion tests were related to one another, as well as to recall and recognition. On the other hand, performance on tachistoscopic identification and anagram solution were related to one another, but not to the measures for the other tasks. A framework is proposed to reconcile these new results with current knowledge on the explicit/implicit memory distinction, based in particular on studies of amnesic subjects. It is argued that a small number of tasks, especially tachistoscopic identification, may serve as relatively uncontaminated and ubiquitous indicators of implicit memory. However, explicit remembering could affect performance in so-called implicit memory tasks that allow for a strategy of controlled selection of candidate responses from accumulating cues, in experimental conditions that make the explicit remembering of relevant events possible.

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Context and repetition effects in lexical decision and recognition memory

Cited by 109 publications

References 29 publications

Form-specific visual priming for new associations in the right cerebral hemisphere

Form-specific visual priming for new associations in the right cerebral hemisphere

Context effects in repetition priming are sense effects

Correlational analyses of explicit and implicit memory performance

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