Content of Pb, Hg, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe in Macrofungi Collected from Wkrzanska Forest in Northwestern Poland

Abstract

Heavy metals constitute one of the most important environmental problems. They can be transported in an environment in various forms: emitted into the atmosphere they are carried over long distances, accumulate in soil, sediments and organisms by bioaccumulation, and the biomagnification processes in the trophic chain [1]. Deposition of trace elements and heavy metals in vegetables [2] and mushrooms [3][4][5][6] to a large extent already has been proven, especially in areas potentially contaminated or located in the zone of pollutants, such as power plants, waste dumpsites, metal smelters, and chemical plants [7].Due to the fact that overgrowing topsoil long-lived mycelium can retrieve with water significant amounts of trace elements and pass them to the fruiting bodies of macrofungi [8], there is a risk of bioaccumulation of detrimental elements in organisms of potential consumerswild forest animals, such as roe deer, red deer, wild boars [9], as well as people. The international surveys revealed that macrofungi are able to accumulate in their fruiting bodies a large amounts of cadmium, lead, mercury, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, chromium, silver, and nickel absorbed from contaminated soil [3][4][5][6][10][11][12].The purpose of this study was to determine the level of heavy metals (Pb and Hg) and trace element (Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe) concentrations in fruiting bodies of 8 species of macrofungi, and to indicate the bioaccumulation factors of elements from soil substrate to fruiting bodies.Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 2 (2015), [651][652][653][654][655][656] Materials and MethodsMushroom and soil samples were collected in October 2010 from Wkrzanska Forest adjacent to Nowe Warpno in the West-Pomeranian voivodeship of north-western Poland (Fig. 1). The main branch of industry in the sampling area is fisheries, thus the forest environment is potentially unpolluted. Macrofungi and soil substrate samples were collected from dry coniferous forest, characteristic for this region. The forest was a monoculture of Pinus sylvestris with a few other species occurring only in undergrowth, like juniper and maple.Generally, 25 samples (each comprising 2-5 fruiting bodies) of eight mushroom species with underneath fruiting bodies soil samples were collected. The examined species were edible Boletus badius (Fr.) Fr. The fruiting bodies were cleaned from any debris, divided into cap and stalk, and then dried in a laboratory oven with a temperature up to 40ºC. Dried samples were homogenized using a laboratory mill. Simultaneously, soil samples were air-dried for several days, sieved with 1 mm pore sieve, and then pulverized using a mortar.Digestion of mushroom samples (0.5 g) was performed with a cold oxi-acidic mixture of 65% HNO 3 and perhydrol (4 and 1 mL, respectively) for at least 12 hours and then put in a MilestoneTM microwave oven. Digestion of soil samples (0.5 g) was conducted using 6 mL of a 5:1 concentrated HNO 3 :HClO 4 (65:60%) mixture and 1 mL of perhydrol and also mineralized in the microwave oven. Mineral...

Copper, Manganese, Selenium and Zinc in Wild-Growing Edible Mushrooms from the Eastern Territory of “Green Lungs of Poland”: Nutritional and Toxicological Implications

“…The Cu content in wild mushrooms ranged in our study from 10.6 μg/g DM (0.09 mg/100 g FM) in L. deliciosus to 123 μg/g DM (1.83 mg/100 g FM) in M. procera (Table 1). Other Polish studies indicated a similar range for this element, from approximately 10 to 200 μg/g DM [26,63,65,66]. In our research, the Cu content in wild mushrooms was similar to some reports from abroad—12–181 μg/g DM [67], 10.3–145 μg/g DM [68], and 13.4–50.6 μg/g DM [69].…”

“…Selenomethionine is the major compound, among selenocompounds, found in mushrooms [62]. Moreover, some mushrooms have the ability to accumulate Se, while most of them exclude Mn [26,63,64].…”

“…Studies by other authors showed that mushrooms did not exhibit accumulation properties in relation to Mn. In most literature data, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was less than one (BCF < 1) [26,63,64].…”

Elemental composition of Russula cyanoxantha along an urbanization gradient in Cluj-Napoca (Romania)

“…For example, both R. cyanoxantha and R. ochroleuca grown in unpolluted and polluted forests were characterized with bioaccumulation factors of about 10 for Cd. Many studies also revealed the Zn and Cu accumulation property of the Russula spp., reporting BAF values of 5.9-7.9 for Cu and 3.4-5.2 for Zn (Demirbaș, 2001a;Alonso et al, 2003;Podlasińska et al, 2015;Cejpková et al, 2016).…”

Geographical traceability and multielement analysis of edible and medicinal fungi: Taking Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden and Gilb. as an example

“…The elements with different contents in W. cocos are of great significance in nutrition and pharmacology, which is a crucial factor in evaluating the quality of W. cocos . Fe and Cu together form cytochrome enzyme and cytochrome oxidase, which can effectively increase blood oxygen capacity (Podlasińska et al., 2015). Mn has the effect of inhibiting cancer, is one of the components of various enzymes in the human body, participates in the hematopoietic process, and has antiaging and cancer prevention effects (Li et al., 2003).…”