Copper, Manganese, Selenium and Zinc in Wild-Growing Edible Mushrooms from the Eastern Territory of “Green Lungs of Poland”: Nutritional and Toxicological Implications

Abstract

The aims of this study were to determine Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn content in wild mushrooms collected from unpolluted areas of the eastern Green Lungs of Poland (GLP) territory, to compare them to some popular species of cultivated mushrooms, evaluate mushroom contribution to the daily intake of the studied bioelements, and to determine their possible toxic effect resulting from potentially excessive mushroom consumption from areas recognized as ecologically uncontaminated. Bioelements were determined in 21 species of edible mushrooms: eighteen species of wild mushrooms and three species of popular cultivated mushrooms. The mean Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn content (in µg/g, dry mass DM) ranged from 10.6–123.1, 12.2–41, 0.13–13.3, and 68.3–184, respectively. A comparison with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Cu, Se, and Zn as well as adequate intake (AI) for Mn demonstrated that a 100 g fresh mass (FM) portion of mushroom species with the highest content of a given element can meet the demand for Cu, Mn, Se and Zn at 203%, 14–17%, 211%, and 16–22%, respectively. A comparison of the content of the examined bioelements contained in one portion of mushrooms (100 g FM) against the toxicological intake limits for different chemical elements with the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) and upper intake level (UL) showed no risk of toxicity for the evaluated mushroom species.

Evaluation of Polish Wild Mushrooms as Beta-Glucan Sources

“…Similar relationships between β-glucans determined with the Congo red in the mycelium and fruiting bodies of mushrooms were observed by Nitschke et al [ 29 ]. Nevertheless, the low content of β-glucans in Boletus edulis does not diminish its health promoting values, which result from the favorable proportions of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and biologically active compounds other than β-glucans, such as polyphenols, ergosterol, indole compounds or microelements [ 36 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ].…”

“…Wild species were harvested from an area of seven municipalities of the Podlaskie Voivodeship (northeastern region of Poland). The exact location of the sampling area and physiographic characteristic of the study area were described earlier in [ 36 ]. The fruiting bodies of the mushrooms were classified using atlases and identification keys as described in [ 36 ].…”

“…The exact location of the sampling area and physiographic characteristic of the study area were described earlier in [ 36 ]. The fruiting bodies of the mushrooms were classified using atlases and identification keys as described in [ 36 ]. The studied wild mushroom species were Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm, Boletus edulis Bull., Boletus subtomentosus (L.), Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Cortinarius caperatus (Pers.…”

Bioactive Phytochemical Constituents of Wild Edible Mushrooms from Southeast Asia

“…Compound 9 exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against HepG2 and A549 cells with IC 50 values of 4.28 ± 0.26 and 7.49 ± 0.41 µM, respectively [70]. Subsequently, clavipols A-B (13-14) containing a 12-membered ether ring and clavilactones G-I (15)(16)(17) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of A. clavipes collected in China. Compound 16 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against Hela and SGC-7901 cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values of 23.5 and 14.5 µM, respectively [71].…”

“…Notwithstanding the edible properties, a word of warning must be added, about the possibility that toxic metals such as arsenic, mercury, etc. occur in edible mushrooms collected from polluted soils [14][15][16].…”